Water and the traveller

原文

Contamination of water supplies is usually due to poor sanitation close to water sources, sewage disposal into the sources themselves, leakage of sewage into distribution systems or contamination with industrial or farm waste. Even if a piped water supply is safe at its source, it is not always safe by the time it reaches the tap. Intermittent tap-water supplies should be regarded as particularly suspect.

Travellers on short trips to areas with water supplies of uncertain quality should avoid drinking tap-water, or untreated water from any other source. It is best to hot drinks, bottled or canned drinks of well-known brand names -- international standards of water treatment are usually followed at bottling plants. Carbonated drinks are acidic, and slightly safer. Make sure that all bottles are opened in your presence, and that their rims are clean and dry.

Boiling is always a good way of treating water. Some hotels supply boiled water on request and this can be used for drinking, or for brushing teeth. Portable boiling elements that can boil small quantities of water are useful when the right voltage of electricity is available. Refuse politely any cold drink from an unknown source.

Ice is only as safe as the water from which it is made, and should not be put in drinks unless it is known to be safe. Drink can be cooled by placing them on ice tather than adding ice to them.

Alcohol may be a medical disinfectant, but should not be relied upon to sterilize water. Ethanol is more effective at a concentration of 50-70 per cent; below 20 per cent, its bactericidal action is negligible. Spirits labelled 95 proof contain only about 47 per cent alcohol. Beware of methylated alcohol, which is very poisonous, and should never be added to drinking water.

If no other safe supply can be obtained, tap water that is too hot to touch can be left to cool and is generally safe to drink. Those planning a trip to remote areas, or intending to live in countries where drinking water is not readily available, should know about the various possible methods for making water safe.

--RICHARD DAWOOD Travellers' Health--

译文

水供应的污染通常是由于水源附近卫生条件差、污水直接排放入水源、污水泄漏进分配系统或与工业或农场废物污染所致。即使管道供水在源头是安全的,到达水龙头时也未必安全。不连续的龙头供水应特别受到怀疑。

旅行者短期前往水质不确定地区的旅行者应避免饮用自来水,或任何其他未经处理的来源。最好喝热饮、知名品牌的瓶装或罐装饮料——瓶装厂通常遵循国际水处理标准。碳酸饮料是酸性的,而且稍安全些。确保所有瓶子都在你面前打开,并且瓶口清洁干燥。

煮沸始终是处理水的一种好方法。有些酒店应要求提供煮沸的水,这可用于饮用,或刷牙。便携式煮水器(注:一种可携带的加热装置)能在有适当电压的电力供应时煮沸少量水很有用。礼貌地拒绝任何来历不明的冷饮。

冰的安全性与制冰的水相同,除非知道它是安全的,否则不应放入饮料中。饮料可以通过放在冰上而不是加冰来冷却。

酒精可能是一种医疗消毒剂,但不能依赖它来消毒水。乙醇在50-70%的浓度下更有效;低于20%时,其杀菌作用可以忽略不计。标明95 proof的烈酒只含约47%的酒精(注:proof是酒精含量的计量单位)。要警惕变性酒精,它非常有毒,绝不能加到饮用水中。

如果无法获得其他安全供应,太烫而不能触及的自来水可以冷却后饮用,并一般是安全的。那些计划去偏远地区旅行,或打算在饮用水不易获得的國家生活的人,应该了解各种使水安全的方法。

--RICHARD DAWOOD Travellers' Health--

词汇表

contamination

名词
英:/kənˌtæmɪˈneɪʃən/
美:/kənˌtæməˈneɪʃən/
定义
1. 污染 - The process of making something impure by exposure to or addition of a polluting substance.

例子: Water contamination from industrial waste can lead to serious health issues.

例子: The contamination of the soil made it unsafe for farming.

2. 沾染 - The presence of an unwanted substance in something.

例子: Bacterial contamination in food can cause food poisoning.

例子: Air contamination from vehicle emissions affects urban health.

近义词
pollution: 更侧重于环境或大气中的有害物质,而 'contamination' 强调直接的污染源和纯净度的破坏。
impurity: 通常指物质中的不纯成分,较 'contamination' 更抽象,不一定涉及有害健康。
taint: 暗示轻微或潜在的污染,常用于食品或声誉,而 'contamination' 更正式且广泛。
反义词:
purity, cleanliness, sterility
用法
常用于环境、健康和科学语境中,描述水、空气或食物的污染问题;常见搭配如 'water contamination' 或 'environmental contamination',在正式报告中频繁出现。
形式:
复数: contaminations, 动词形式: contaminate (动词,意为污染), 过去式: contaminated

关键句型 "Even if [clause], [main clause]."

定义

这个句型是一种条件从句结构,用于表达即使在某种条件下,结果仍然成立。基本结构是:Even if(即使)+ [clause](从句,表示条件)+ , + [main clause](主句,表示结果)。根据《剑桥英语语法》权威教材,这种句型属于条件句的类型,常用于表示假设或让步,强调条件不影响主句的真实性。它类似于其他条件句,但 Even if 特别突出“即使”的让步意味,帮助学习者表达现实或假设场景中的对比。

例如,在文章中:“Even if a piped water supply is safe at its source, it is not always safe by the time it reaches the tap.” 这展示了即使条件成立,结果仍可能不同。定义简洁明了,便于初学者快速掌握。

用法

此句型主要用于描述现实或假设情况,强调条件不改变结果,常出现在建议、警告或解释中。规则是:Even if 引导的从句通常用一般现在时或一般过去时,而主句根据语境使用适当时态。在语法体系中,它属于条件句家族,与 if 条件句(如 “If it rains, we’ll stay home.”)相关,但 Even if 更强调让步,暗示条件不太可能改变结果。

横向比较:与 “If [clause], [main clause]” 相比,Even if 表达更强的让步感,例如 “If it rains, we’ll cancel.”(条件直接影响结果),而 “Even if it rains, we’ll go.”(即使下雨,我们也去,显示决心)。与 although 或 though 相比,Even if 用于条件句,而 although 用于让步从句,更侧重对比而非假设。另外,它可以与虚拟语气结合,如在假设未来场景中,与 “would + 动词” 搭配,形成更复杂的句子(如 “Even if I had money, I wouldn’t buy it.”)。

跨语法点联系:学习此句型能帮助学生连接到其他条件句,如第一类(真实条件)和第二类(虚拟条件),并扩展到时间从句或对比结构,促进整体语法理解。

注意事项

学生常犯的错误包括:误用时态,例如在 Even if 从句中使用将来时(如 “Even if it will rain”),正确应为 “Even if it rains”;或者忽略逗号,导致句子结构混乱。另一个常见偏误是混淆 Even ifIf,以为它们完全相同,从而在表达让步时语气不准确。纠正建议:练习时注意从句时态的一致性,并用逗号隔开主从句。同时,避免在非正式场合过度使用,以免句子过于复杂。

具体例句:

错误示例:Even if the water is safe at its source, it will not always safe by the tap.  // 错误:主句时态不完整,缺少 "be"。
正确示例:Even if the water is safe at its source, it is not always safe by the time it reaches the tap.  // 正确:使用一般现在时强调事实。

通过比较例句,学生能更好地识别和避免这些问题。

练习

一个原创例子是:在旅行场景中说:“Even if the hotel provides free water, I always boil it first to be safe.” 这贴近文章主题,学生可以替换 [clause] 和 [main clause],如改为 “Even if the food looks fresh, I check the expiration date.” 或在日常生活中用 “Even if I’m tired, I go for a walk every morning.” 这种替换练习能帮助学生应用句型到实际场景中,比如计划旅行时讨论风险,增强对条件和结果的理解,并鼓励他们创建自己的句子以加深记忆。

额外内容

背景知识:Even if 句型起源于英语中让步从句的演变,常见于现代英语写作和口语,尤其在科学或健康文章中,用于强调预防措施。文化背景上,英语国家强调风险评估,这与文章的旅行健康主题相呼应。对比分析:与中文的“即使……也……”类似,但英语结构更依赖从句顺序,而法语中的“même si”也类似,却需要动词变位,英语版本更简单易学。这能丰富学生对跨语言表达的理解,并帮助他们在国际交流中自信使用。