The process of ageing

原文

At the age of twelve years, the human body is at its most vigorous. It has yet to reach its full size and strength, and its owner his or her full intelligence; but at this age the likelihood of death is least. Earlier, we were infants and young children, and consequently more vulnerable; later, we shall undergo a progressive loss of our vigour and resistance which, though imperceptible at first, will finally become so steep that we can live no longer, however well we look after ourselves, and however well society, and our doctors, look after us. This decline in vigour with the passing of time is called ageing. It is one of the most unpleasant discoveries which we all make that we must decline in this way, that if we escape wars, accidents and disease we shall eventually 'die of old age', and that this happens at a rate which differs little from person to person, so that there are heavy odds in favour of our dying between the ages of sixty-five and eighty. Some of us will die sooner, a few will live longer -- on into a ninth or tenth decade. But the chances are against it, and there is a virtual limit on how long we can hope to remain alive, however lucky and robust we are.

Normal people tend to forget this process unless and until they are reminded of it. We are so familiar with the fact that man ages, that people have for years assumed that the process of losing vigour with time, of becoming more likely to die the older we get, was something self-evident, like the cooling of a hot kettle or the wearing-out of a pair of shoes. They have also assumed that all animals, and probably other organisms such as trees, or even the universe itself, must in the nature of things 'wear out'. Most animals we commonly observe do in fact age as we do, if given the chance to live long enough; and mechanical systems like a wound watch, or the sun, do in fact run out of energy in accordance with the second law of thermodynamics (whether the whole universe does so is a moot point at present). But these are not analogous to what happens when man ages. A run-down watch is still a watch and can be rewound. An old watch, by contrast, becomes so worn and unreliable that it eventually is not worth mending. But a watch could never repair itself -- it does not consist of living parts, only of metal, which wears away by friction. We could, at one time, repair ourselves --well enough, at least, to overcome all but the most instantly fatal illnesses and accidents. Between twelve and eighty years we gradually lose this power; an illness which at twelve would knock us over, at eighty can knock us out, and another 700 for the survivors to be reduced by half again.

--ALEX COMFORT The process of ageing--

译文

人在十二岁时,人体处于最旺盛的时期。它尚未达到完全的体格和力量,其主人也尚未达到完全的智力;但在这个年龄,死亡的可能性最小。在此之前,我们是婴儿和幼儿,因此更易受伤害;以后,我们将经历一种逐渐丧失活力和抵抗力的过程,这种变化起初不易察觉,但最终会变得如此迅猛,以致无论我们如何照顾自己,无论社会和医生如何照料我们,我们都无法继续生存。这种随着时间流逝而丧失活力的现象称为衰老。这是我们每个人都会发现的最不愉快的真相之一:我们必须这样衰退下去,如果我们避开了战争、事故和疾病,最终还是会“死于衰老”,而且这种过程在人与人之间差异不大,因此,我们在六十五岁到八十岁之间死亡的可能性极大。有些人会早逝,少数人会活得更长——进入第九或第十个十年。但机会并不站在我们这边,我们的寿命实际上有一个极限,无论我们多么幸运和健壮。

普通人往往会忘记这个过程,除非有人提醒他们。我们对人类衰老的事实如此熟悉,以至于多年来,人们一直认为,随着时间流逝而丧失活力、年龄越大死亡可能性越大的过程,是不言而喻的,就如同热水的冷却或一双鞋子的磨损一样。他们还认为,所有动物,以及可能其他生物如树木,甚至宇宙本身,都必然会“磨损”。我们通常观察到的多数动物,如果有机会活得够长,确实会像我们一样衰老;机械系统如上紧发条的表或太阳,也确实会按照热力学第二定律(整个宇宙是否如此,目前仍是一个有争议的问题)耗尽能量。但这些现象与人类的衰老过程并不相同。一只走完的表依然是表,可以重新上紧发条。相比之下,一只旧表会变得如此磨损和不可靠,以致最终不值得修理。但一只有表永远无法自我修复——它不是由活的部件构成的,只由金属组成,而金属会因摩擦而磨损。我们曾经能够自我修复——至少足以克服除最立即致命的疾病和事故之外的一切。在十二岁到八十岁之间,我们逐渐丧失这种能力;一种在十二岁时只会让我们虚弱的疾病,在八十岁时可能就会让我们一蹶不振,而且对于幸存者来说,又会再减少一半。

--ALEX COMFORT The process of ageing--

词汇表

vigorous

形容词
英:/ˈvɪɡərəs/
美:/ˈvɪɡərəs/
定义
1. 精力充沛的 - Full of energy, strength, and vitality.

例子: The vigorous exercise routine helped him stay healthy.

例子: At twelve, children are often at their most vigorous stage.

2. 有力的 - Strong and active in a forceful way.

例子: She gave a vigorous defense of her ideas in the debate.

例子: The plant grew with vigorous roots in the fertile soil.

近义词
energetic: 强调持续的活力和活动性,与 'vigorous' 类似,但更侧重于精神或身体的持久性,而 'vigorous' 更强调力量。
lively: 更口语化,常用于描述活泼或有趣的特征,区别于 'vigorous' 的强健和有力感。
robust: 侧重于健康和坚固,与 'vigorous' 相近,但 'robust' 更强调耐力和抗逆性。
反义词:
weak, feeble, lethargic
用法
常用于描述身体或精神上的强健状态,常见于健康、运动或自然语境中,如 'vigorous debate'(激烈的辩论),但在正式场合使用较多。
形式:
副词: vigorously, 名词: vigor

关键句型 "have yet to + infinitive"

定义

此句型用于表示某事尚未发生,尽管可能预期会发生。结构为:have/has + yet to + infinitive verb(动词原形)。例如,文章中的 "It has yet to reach its full size and strength"。根据《剑桥英语语法指南》,这个句型强调一种延后的状态,意思是“还没有……”,常用于描述未来可能性或未完成的事项。它简洁地表达不确定性或等待,适合描述个人经历或一般事实。

这个句型在英语中是常见的表达方式,帮助学习者处理时间概念和预期。

用法

此句型主要用于描述尚未实现的目标、事件或状态,常出现在叙述性或说明性语境中,如文章中讨论人体发展。规则:主语 + have/has(根据主语单复数)+ yet to + 动词原形。位置通常在句中,表示一种持续的未完成。

在语法体系中,它与完成时态相关,但更侧重于未来导向。横向比较:与 "have not + past participle"(如 "I have not finished")相比,have yet to 更正式且强调尚未开始或完成的可能性;与 "still haven't + past participle" 相比,它更简洁,避免重复。跨语法联系:它可以与条件句结合(如 "If you work hard, you have yet to see the results"),或与其他时间表达如 by now 对比,强化时间序列的理解。

例如,在日常生活,你可以用它讨论个人目标,比如 "I have yet to visit Paris",这与进行时或将来时形成对比,突出延后感。

注意事项

学生常犯的错误包括:误用时态,如将 have yet to 与过去时混淆(错误:"I had yet to go",应为 "I have yet to go" 如果是现在语境);或遗漏 to,导致句子不完整(错误:"I have yet reach")。纠正建议:记住 yet to 后必须跟动词原形,并练习在上下文中使用。另一个常见偏误是 overuse 在非正式场合,导致语言生硬;建议结合实际场景练习。

具体例句:

错误示例:She has yet reached her goals.  // 错误:缺少 "to" 和正确结构。
正确示例:She has yet to reach her goals.  // 正确:表示尚未实现。

在文章中,如果学生写 "It yet to reach",会显得不自然。

练习

原创例子:假设你在讨论个人生活,你可以说:“I have yet to learn how to cook a perfect meal.” 这贴近实际,学生可以替换关键词,如将 "learn how to cook" 换成 "finish my homework" 或 "start my new job",并在对话中应用,例如:“Even though I've tried, I have yet to master playing the guitar.”

通过这种替换,学生能加深对句型的掌握,并将其用于描述自己的经历或计划,增强实际应用能力。

额外内容

背景知识:这个句型起源于古英语的表达方式,强调不确定性,在现代英语中常用于正式写作或演讲,如科学文章。文化背景:英语中,这种结构反映了西方文化对时间和进步的重视,对比中文的 "还没有……",它更结构化。横向比较:在法语中,类似结构如 "n'a pas encore + infinitive",但英语版本更灵活,便于初学者过渡到复杂句型,如与 "not until" 句型的结合,帮助构建更丰富的叙述。

关键句型 "so that + clause"

定义

此句型用于表示结果或目的,结构为:so that + subject + verb,引导一个从句解释前文的原因或后果。文章中的例子如 "so that there are heavy odds in favour of our dying"。根据《牛津现代英语语法》,它表达因果关系,常译为“以至于”或“因此”,强调逻辑连贯性,是连接主句和从句的有效方式。

这个句型帮助学习者构建复杂句,展示事件间的因果链条。

用法

此句型常用于解释结果、意图或后果,适合正式写作或口头表达。规则:主句 + so that + 从句,从句中通常包含情态动词如 canwillmay,以表示可能性。位置在句中,连接前后部分。

在语法体系中,它属于状语从句,与其他从句如时间从句(when)或条件从句(if)相关。横向比较:与 "so" 单独使用(表示因果,如 "It rained, so I stayed home")相比,so that 更详细,提供完整从句;与 "in order that** 相比,它更侧重结果而非目的。跨语法联系:它可与条件句结合(如 "If you study hard, you will succeed so that you can get a good job"),或与其他连接词如 therefore 对比,强化学生对逻辑连接的理解。

例如,在日常对话,你可以说 "I saved money so that I could buy a new bike",这与简单句形成鲜明对比,突出复杂性。

注意事项

学生易犯错误包括:混淆 so thatso,导致句子不完整(错误:"I worked hard so success");或在从句中用错时态,如用现在时而非情态动词(错误:"so that I go" 应为 "so that I can go")。纠正建议:练习时,确保从句有适当的动词形式,并注意语境是否强调结果而非原因。另一个问题是过度使用,导致句子冗长;建议简化句子以保持流畅。

具体例句:

错误示例:He studied a lot so that he passes the exam.  // 错误:时态不一致,应用情态动词。
正确示例:He studied a lot so that he could pass the exam.  // 正确:表示结果的可能性。

在文章中,学生可能误写 "so that we dying",忽略主语和动词。

练习

原创例子:在健康讨论中,你可以说:“We exercise regularly so that we can maintain good health.” 学生可以替换关键词,如将 "exercise regularly" 换成 "eat healthy food",并扩展到个人场景,例如:“I set reminders so that I don't forget important meetings.”

这种练习鼓励学生在实际生活中应用句型,替换元素以探索不同因果关系,提升表达的逻辑性。

额外内容

背景知识:so that 源自古英语的连接方式,历史悠久,在科学和哲学写作中常见,如文章讨论衰老。文化背景:英语强调逻辑清晰,这与中文的 "以至于" 类似,但结构更严谨。横向比较:在西班牙语中,类似 "para que" 用于目的,这有助于学生理解跨语言差异,并扩展到更高级的句型,如与 "in order to** 的对比,丰富他们的语法工具箱。