The cost of government

原文

If a nation is essentially disunited, it is left to the government to hold it together. This increases the expense of government, and reduces correspondingly the amount of economic resources that could be used for developing the country. And it should not be forgotten how small those resources are in a poor and backward country. Where the cost of government is high, resources for development are correspondingly low.

This may be illustrated by comparing the position of a nation with that of a private business enterprise. An enterprise has to incur certain costs and expenses in order to stay in business. For our purposes, we are concerned only with one kind of cost -- the cost of managing and administering the business. Such administrative overheads in a business are analogous to the cost of government in a nation. The administrative overheads of a business are low to the extent that everyone working in the business can be trusted to behave in a way that best promotes the interests of the firm. If they can each be trusted to take such responsibilities. and to exercise such initiative as falls within their sphere, then administrative overheads will be low. It will be low because it will be necessary to have only one man looking after each job, then the business will require armies of administrators, checkers, and foremen and administrative overheads will rise correspondingly. As administrative overheads rise, so the earnings of the business after meeting he expense of administration, will fall; and the business will have less money to distribute as dividends or invest directly in its future progress and development.

It is precisely the same with a nation. To the extent that the people can be relied upon to behave in a loyal and responsible manner, the government does not require armies of police and civil servants to keep them in order. But if a nation is disunited, the government cannot be sure that the actions of the people will be in the interests of the nation; and it will have to watch, check, and control the people accordingly. A disunited nation therefore has to incur unduly high costs of government.

--RAYMOND FROST The Backward Society--

译文

如果一个国家基本上是不团结的,就得靠政府来维系它的统一。这就会增加政府的开支,同时相应地减少了可用于国家发展的经济资源。而且,不应忘记,在一个贫穷落后的国家,这些资源是多么微不足道。政府的开支越高,用于发展的资源就相应地越少。

这可以用一个私营企业的状况来举例说明。一个企业为了维持经营,必须承担某些成本和开支。就我们的目的而言,我们只关心一种成本——管理与行政的成本。这种企业中的行政管理费用,类似于一个国家中的政府开支。如果企业中的每个人都能被信任,以有利于公司利益的方式行事,那么行政管理费用就会很低。如果他们都能被信任承担这样的责任,并在其范围内发挥主动性,那么行政管理费用就会很低。因为只需要一个人负责每个工作,如果不是这样,企业就需要大批的行政人员、检查员和工头,行政管理费用就会相应增加。随着行政管理费用的上升,企业扣除行政开支后的利润就会下降;企业将有更少的钱来分配红利或直接投资于未来的进步和发展。

国家的情况完全相同。在人民能够被信赖以忠诚和负责的方式行事的情况下,政府就不需要大批警察和公务员来维持秩序。但是,如果一个国家是不团结的,政府就不能确信人民的行动会有利于国家;它就必须监视、检查和控制人民。因此,一个不团结的国家就不得不承担过高的政府开支。

--RAYMOND FROST The Backward Society--

词汇表

disunited

形容词
英:/dɪsjuːˈnaɪtɪd/
美:/ˌdɪsjuːˈnaɪtɪd/
定义
1. 不团结的;分裂的 - Not united; divided or lacking cohesion.

例子: A disunited team often fails to achieve its goals.

例子: The disunited nation struggled with internal conflicts.

2. 意见不一的;目标不一致的 - Separated in opinion or purpose.

例子: The disunited family could not agree on the inheritance.

例子: Disunited communities face challenges in decision-making.

近义词
divided: 强调实际的分裂或分离,常用于政治或社会语境,而 'disunited' 更侧重于缺乏统一感。
fragmented: 暗示被分解成碎片,强调结构上的破碎,比 'disunited' 更具破坏性。
split: 更口语化,常用于描述群体或组织的分离,但不如 'disunited' 正式。
反义词:
united, cohesive, harmonious
用法
常用于描述国家、社会或团体的分裂状态,常见于政治或社会语境中,强调内部不和可能导致的后果。
形式:
副词形式: disunitedly, 名词形式: disunity

关键句型 "If [condition], [main clause]"

定义

此句型是一种条件句结构,用于表达如果某个条件成立,就会导致特定结果。基本结构为:If + [condition](条件从句,通常用一般现在时)+ , + [main clause](主句,表示结果)。根据《剑桥英语语法》教材,这种句型属于第一类条件句(zero conditional 或 first conditional),常用于描述现实或可能的状况,强调因果关系。例如,文章中的 "If a nation is essentially disunited, it is left to the government to hold it together." 展示了这种结构。

它是一种常见的英语表达方式,帮助学习者讨论假设情景或真实条件。

用法

此句型主要用于描述现实条件、建议或警告,适用于日常生活、学术讨论或文章分析中。规则:条件从句用If引导,通常采用一般现在时,而主句根据语境使用一般现在时(事实)、一般将来时(可能结果)或其他时态。语法体系中,它属于条件句家族,与第二类条件句(If + 过去时,would + 动词原形)或第三类条件句(If + had + 过去分词,would have + 过去分词)相关联。

横向比较:与 "Unless [condition]"(除非)相比,If更直接地表达正面条件;与 "When [condition]" 相比,If强调不确定性,而 "When" 假设条件一定发生。例如,"If it rains, we will stay home" 与 "When it rains, the ground gets wet" 的区别在于前者涉及可能性,后者是事实。

跨语法联系:此句型常与情态动词结合,如 "If you study hard, you can succeed",从而连接到情态动词的表达,帮助学生理解条件如何影响可能性或建议。

在文章中,它用于说明国家不统一会导致政府干预,强化了因果逻辑。

注意事项

学生常犯的错误包括:时态不一致,如在条件从句中使用将来时("If it will rain" 应为 "If it rains");或主句与从句逻辑不匹配,导致句子混乱。纠正建议:记住条件从句用一般现在时,并提供具体例句练习。

另一个常见偏误是遗漏逗号或误用连接词,例如将 "If" 替换为 "Whether",这会改变含义。

错误示例:If a nation will be disunited, it is left to the government.
正确示例:If a nation is disunited, it is left to the government.

此外,学生可能忽略语境中的正式语气,确保在正式写作中使用。

练习

原创例子:假设讨论国家发展,你可以说:"If the economy grows steadily, the country will have more resources for education." 学生可以替换 [condition] 为 "If people work together",并改变 [main clause] 为 "the government can focus on innovation",以模拟实际场景,如在辩论中说:"If we invest in technology, our business will thrive."

通过这种替换,学生能加深对句型的掌握,并应用于日常对话或写作练习中。

额外内容

背景知识:这种句型起源于英语的古语法形式,早在中古英语中就用于条件表达,在现代英语中广泛用于科学、政策和文学中,如文章作者Raymond Frost的论述。文化对比:与中文的 "如果...就..." 类似,但英语更强调时态一致性。与法语的 "Si... alors..." 相比,英语版本更简洁,无需额外连接词。这有助于学生在跨文化交流中自信使用,进而扩展到更复杂的条件句,如混合条件句("If I had studied, I would pass now"),丰富语言表达。