Back in the old country

原文

I stopped to let the car cool off and to study the map. I had expected to be near my objective by now, but everything still seemed alien to me. I was only five when my father had taken me abroad, and that we eighteen years ago. When my mother had died after a tragic accident, he did not quickly recover from the shock and loneliness. Everything around him was full of her presence, continually reopening the wound. So he decided to emigrate. In the new country he became absorbed in making a new life for the two of us, so that he gradually ceased to grieve. He did not marry again and I was brought up without a woman's care; but I lacked for nothing, for he was both father and mother to me. He always meant to go back on day, but not to stay. His roots and mine bad become too firmly embedded in the new land. But he wanted to see the old folk again and to visit my mother's grave. He became mortally ill a few months before we had planned to go and, when he knew that he was dying, he made me promise to go on my own.

I hired a car the day after landing and bought a comprehensive book of maps, which I found most helpful on the cross-country journey, but which I did not think I should need on the last stage. It was not that I actually remembered anything at all. But my father had described over and over again what we should see at every milestone, after leaving the nearest town, so that I was positive I should recognize it as familiar territory. Well, I had been wrong, for I was now lost.

I looked at the map and then at the millimeter. I had come ten miles since leaving the town, and at this point, according to my father, I should be looking at farms and cottages in a valley, with the spire of the church of our village showing in the far distance. I could see no valley, no farms, no cottages and no church spire -- only a lake. I decided that I must have taken a wrong turning somewhere. So I drove back to the town and began to retrace the route, taking frequent glances at the map. I landed up at the same corner. The curious thing was that the lake was not marked on the map. I left as if I had stumbled into a nightmare country, as you sometimes do in dreams. And, as in a nightmare, there was nobody in sight to help me. Fortunately for me, as I was wondering what to do next, there appeared on the horizon a man on horseback, riding in my direction. I waited till he came near, then I asked him the way to our old village. He said that there was now no village. I thought he must have misunderstood me, so I repeated its name. This time he pointed to the lake. The village no longer existed because it had been submerged, and all the valley too. The lake was not a natural one, but a man-made reservoir.

译文

我停下来让汽车冷却,并研究地图。我原以为现在已经接近目的地了,可是周围的一切对我来说仍然很陌生。我只有五岁时,父亲就带我去了国外,那已经是十八年前的事了。我母亲在一场悲惨的事故中去世后,父亲没有很快从震惊和孤独中恢复过来。周围的一切都充满了她的影子,不断地重新撕开他的伤口。于是他决定移民。在新的国家,他全神贯注地为我们俩创造新的生活,因此他渐渐地不再悲伤了。他没有再婚,我是在没有女性照顾的情况下长大的;但是我什么都不缺,因为他既是父亲又是母亲。他一直打算有一天回去,但不是呆在那里。他的根和我的根已经牢牢地扎在新的土地上。但是他想再见见老朋友,并去拜访我母亲的坟墓。在我们计划去的前几个月,他得了不治之症,当他知道自己快死了时,他让我答应自己去。

我登陆后第二天就租了一辆汽车,并买了一本详尽的地图册,这在越野旅行中我发现非常有用,但是我认为在最后一段路途中用不着。它倒不是说我真记得什么东西。但父亲曾一遍又一遍地描述过,我们离开最近的城镇后,在每一个里程碑处会看到什么,因此我确信自己会把那片地方认作熟悉的领地。唉,我错了,因为现在我迷路了。

我看了看地图,然后又看了看里程表。从离开城镇以来,我已经走了十英里,而据父亲说,在这一点上,我应该可以看到山谷里的农场和村舍,我们村庄的教堂尖顶在远方隐约可见。可是,我看不到山谷、看不到农场、看不到村舍,也看不到教堂尖顶——只有一片湖。我断定自己一定在什么地方拐错了弯。于是我开车返回城镇,开始重新走那条路,一面频频瞟着地图。结果我又回到了同一个拐角处。奇怪的是,那片湖在地图上没有标出。我觉得仿佛跌进了梦魇中的国度,正如你有时在梦中会经历的那样。而且,正如在梦魇中一样,四周不见一个人来帮我。幸好,就在我正纳闷下一步该怎么办时,地平线上出现了一个骑马的人,正朝着我的方向走来。我等着他走近,然后问他去我们老村庄的路。他說现在那里已经没有村庄了。我以为他误解了我的话,于是我又重复了一遍村庄的名字。这次他指着湖说。村庄已经不复存在,因为它被淹没了,整个山谷也一起淹没了。那片湖不是天然的,而是一个人工水库。

词汇表

alien

形容词, 名词
英:/ˈeɪliən/
美:/ˈeɪliən/
定义
1. 陌生的;外来的 - Unfamiliar or strange; not native to a place.

例子: The landscape seemed alien to me after years away.

例子: In the story, the alien creature came from another planet.

2. 外星人;外国人 - A foreigner or non-citizen.

例子: He felt like an alien in the new country.

例子: Immigration laws affect alien residents.

近义词
foreign: 强调来自其他国家或地区,与 'alien' 类似,但 'foreign' 更侧重于地理或文化差异,而 'alien' 可能暗示更强烈的陌生感。
strange: 更泛指不寻常或古怪,'alien' 常用于环境或事物,而 'strange' 可用于行为或人际关系。
exotic: 暗示吸引人的新奇,与 'alien' 的负面陌生感不同,'exotic' 常带有积极或浪漫的 connotation。
反义词:
familiar, native, familiar
用法
常用于描述不熟悉的事物或人,特别是在旅行或文化语境中;可用于正式和非正式场合,但需注意其科幻含义。
形式:
复数: aliens (as noun), 形容词比较级: more alien, 形容词最高级: most alien

关键句型 "I stopped to [verb] and to [verb]."

定义

此句型用于表达一个动作的多个目的,结构为:主语 + 动词(如 "stopped") + "to" + 动词原形 + "and to" + 另一个动词原形。简单来说,它是用不定式短语(to + 动词)来表示为什么做某事。根据《剑桥英语语法》教材,不定式短语常用于说明意图或原因,使句子更流畅自然。例如,在文章中,"I stopped to let the car cool off and to study the map" 清楚地展示了这个结构。

这个句型帮助学习者表达多重目的,而不需要重复主语或动词,适合描述日常决策。

用法

此句型常用于叙述性文本或口语中,表示一个动作的并列目的。规则是:第一个不定式短语后跟 "and to" 连接第二个或更多不定式短语。在语法体系中,它属于不定式作目的状语的范畴,与其他表示目的的结构(如 "in order to")相关,但更简洁。

横向比较:与 "I stopped because I wanted to let the car cool off and study the map" 相比,此句型更简短,避免了从句的复杂性;与 "I stopped for letting the car cool off and studying the map" 不同,它使用 "to + 动词" 而非动名词,强调意图而非过程。与 "so that" 引导的目的状语从句(如 "I stopped so that I could let the car cool off")相比,此句型更直接,不涉及情态动词。

跨语法联系:它可以与时间状语或条件句结合,进一步扩展句子复杂性,比如 "After driving for hours, I stopped to rest and to eat." 这有助于学生从简单句过渡到复合句。

注意事项

学生常犯的错误包括:遗漏 "to" 在第二个不定式前,导致句子不完整,如 "I stopped to let the car cool off and study the map"(正确应加 "to");或者误用动名词代替不定式,如 "I stopped for letting the car cool off",这会改变句意。纠正建议:记住 "to + 动词" 的固定模式,并练习多重目的的表达。另一个常见问题是用逗号错误分隔,如 "I stopped, to let the car cool off and to study the map",这在非独立句中可能导致歧义。

错误示例:I stopped to let the car cool off and study the map.  (缺少第二个 "to",使句子显得仓促)
正确示例:I stopped to let the car cool off and to study the map.  (并列结构完整)

练习

一个原创例子:假设你在旅行中累了,你可以说:"I paused to take a photo and to enjoy the view." 这贴近实际场景,帮助你表达休息时的多重目的。学生可以替换关键词,比如把 "paused" 换成 "waited",并修改动词,如 "I waited to buy tickets and to check the schedule",想象自己在火车站的情形。通过这种替换,学生能加深对句型的灵活应用,并在对话中自然使用它。

额外内容

背景知识:这个句型源于英语中不定式的广泛使用,不定式在英语语法中起源于古英语时代,用于表示目的,是现代英语简洁性的体现。对比分析:与中文的 "停下来让车冷却并研究地图" 类似,英语通过 "to + 动词" 结构实现,但英语更强调平行结构。在西班牙语中,类似表达可能使用 "para + 动词不定式",如 "parar para enfriar el coche y estudiar el mapa",这显示了跨语言的相似性,但英语的 "and to" 连接更流畅。学习此句型能帮助学生在叙述故事时更生动,比如文章中的回忆场景,丰富他们的写作和口语表达。

关键句型 "He made me [verb]."

定义

此句型是一种使役结构,用于表示某人强迫或导致另一个人做某事,结构为:主语 + "made" + 宾语 + 动词原形。简单来说,它强调强制性行动。根据《牛津现代英语语法》教材,"make" 作为使役动词,后面直接跟宾语和动词原形,没有 "to",如文章中的 "He made me promise to go on my own"。这个句型常用于描述影响他人的行为,突出控制或说服的元素。

它在英语中是表达命令或强迫的常见方式,帮助学习者处理人际互动的语言。

用法

此句型主要用于叙述过去事件或故事中,表示一种直接的影响。规则是:"make" 后跟人称代词或名词作为宾语,然后是动词原形。语法体系中,它属于使役动词的范畴,与其他动词如 "let" 或 "have" 相关,但 "make" 强调强制性。

横向比较:与 "He asked me to promise" 相比,"make" 更强硬,不涉及请求的礼貌语气;与 "He forced me to promise" 不同,"make" 更简洁,直接表达结果,而 "force" 可能需要更多上下文。与 "I had to promise"(表示个人义务)相比,此句型突出外部压力,建立起主语与宾语之间的因果关系。跨语法联系:它可以扩展到更复杂的句型,如 "He made me promise that I would go",涉及宾语从句,帮助学生连接使役动词与从句结构。

注意事项

学生容易犯的错误包括:添加 "to" 在动词原形前,如 "He made me to promise",这是受其他动词影响的常见偏误;或者混淆 "make" 与 "let",如用 "He let me promise" 来表示强制,而 "let" 实际表示允许。纠正建议:练习固定结构 "make + 宾语 + 动词原形",并通过例句区分语气。另一个问题是忽略语境中的情感强度,比如在正式场合使用此句型可能显得过于直接。

错误示例:He made me to go alone.  (多余的 "to" 使句子不正确)
正确示例:He made me go alone.  (直接动词原形)

练习

一个原创例子:想象家庭场景,你可以说:"My parents made me finish my homework before playing." 这能帮助学生理解强制性的表达。学生可以替换关键词,如把 "made" 换成其他情境的动词,但保持结构,例如 "The teacher made us read the book." 或者 "Friends made me join the game." 通过替换宾语和动词,学生能在日常对话中应用此句型,增强实际表达能力。

额外内容

背景知识:使役动词如 "make" 在英语中起源于中古英语,用于强调权力动态,常见于文学和故事叙述,如文章中的情感回忆。对比分析:与法语的 "faire + 动词"(如 "Il m'a fait promettre")类似,英语的 "make" 结构更直接,不需额外助词。而在日语中,类似表达可能使用敬语或间接结构,这突出了英语的直率性。学习此句型能让学生更好地处理人际关系中的语言策略,比如在故事中表达承诺或遗憾。