Our neighbour,the river

原文

The river which forms the eastern boundary of our farm has always played an important part in our lives. Without it we could not make a living. There is only enough spring water to supply the needs of the houses, so we have to pump from the river for farm use. We tell river all our secrets. We know instinctively, just as beekeepers with their bees, that misfortune might overtake us if the important events of our lives were not related to it.

We have special river birthday parties in the summer. Sometimes were go upstream to a favourite backwater, sometimes we have our party at the boathouse, which a predecessor of ours at the farm built in the meadow hard by the deepest pool for swimming and diving. In a heat wave we choose a midnight birthday party and that is the most exciting of all. We welcome the seasons by the riverside, crowning the youngest girl with flowers in the spring, holding a summer festival on Midsummer Eve, giving thanks for the harvest in the autumn, and throwing a holy wreath into the current in the winter.

After a long period of rain the river may overflow its banks. This is a rare occurrence as our climate seldom guest to extremes. We are lucky in that only the lower fields, which make up a very small proportion of our farm, are effected by flooding, but other farms are less favorably sited, and flooding can sometimes spell disaster for their owners.

One had winter we watched the river creep up the lower meadows. All the cattle had been moved into stalls and we stood to lose little. We were, however, worried about our nearest neighbors, whose farm was low lying and who were newcomers to the district. As the floods had put the telephone out of order, we could not find out how they were managing. From an attic window we could get a sweeping view of the river where their land joined ours, and at the most critical juncture we took turns in watching that point. The first sign of disaster was a dead sheep floating down. Next came a horse, swimming bravely, but we were afraid that the strength of the current would prevent its landing anywhere before it became exhausted. Suddenly a raft appeared, looking rather like Noah's ark, carrying the whole family, a few hens, the dogs, cat, and bird in a cage. We realized that they must have become unduly frightened by the rising flood, for their house, which had sound foundations, would have stood stoutly even if it had been almost submerged. The men of our family waded down through our flooded meadows with boathooks, in the hope of being able to grapple a corner of the raft and pull it out of the current towards our bank. We still think it a miracle that they we able to do so.

译文

这条形成我们农场东边边界的河流,在我们的生活中一直扮演着重要的角色。没有它,我们就无法维持生计。只有足够的泉水供应房屋的需要,所以我们不得不从河里抽水用于农场。我们向河流倾诉我们所有的秘密。我们本能地知道,就像养蜂人对待他们的蜜蜂一样,如果我们生活中的重要事件不与它相关联,灾难就可能降临到我们头上。

我们在夏天举行特别的河边生日派对。有时我们逆流而上到一处最喜爱的死水湾,有时我们在船棚里举办派对,那船棚是我们农场的前任在草地深处,为游泳和跳水的最深水潭旁建造的。在热浪中,我们选择午夜生日派对,那是最令人兴奋的。我们在河边迎接季节:在春天,给最年轻的女孩戴上花冠;在仲夏夜举行夏季节日;在秋天,为丰收表示感谢;在冬天,向河水投掷圣花环。

经过长时间的降雨,河流可能 overflow its banks。这是一种罕见的情况,因为我们的气候很少极端。我们很幸运,只有下方的田地——它们只占我们农场很小一部分——会受到洪水的影响,但其他农场位置不佳,洪水有时会给它们的主人带来灾难。

在一个严冬,我们看着河流慢慢漫上下方的草地。所有的牛都已转移到牛棚,我们几乎没有损失。然而,我们担心最近的邻居,他们的农场地势低洼,而且是这个地区的 newcomers。由于洪水使电话中断,我们无法得知他们的情况。从阁楼窗户,我们可以一览无余地看到河流与他们土地接壤的地方,在最关键的时刻,我们轮流监视那一点。灾难的第一个迹象是一只死羊漂下来。接着是一匹马,勇敢地游泳,但我们担心水流的强度会让它在精疲力尽前无法上岸。突然,一只筏子出现了,看起来颇像诺亚方舟,载着全家、一只母鸡、狗、猫和关在笼子里的鸟。我们意识到,他们一定是由于洪水上涨而过度恐慌,因为他们的房子地基坚固,即使几乎被淹没,也能屹立不倒。我们家的男人们趟过被洪水淹没的草地,手持船钩,希望能钩住筏子的一角,将它从水流中拉向我们的河岸。我们仍然认为他们能做到这一点是个奇迹。

词汇表

river

名词
英:/ˈrɪvə/
美:/ˈrɪvɚ/
定义
1. 河流 - A large natural stream of water flowing in a channel to the sea, a lake, or another river.

例子: The river provides water for the entire farm.

例子: We often swim in the river during the summer.

近义词
stream: 通常指较小的水流,常用于较窄的河流,与 'river' 的规模相比更小且更诗意。
brook: 特指小溪或细流,常用于乡村或自然描述,比 'river' 更强调宁静和规模小。
creek: 常用于北美英语,指较小的河流或支流,与 'river' 相比更局限于沿海或山地区域。
反义词:
desert, ocean, lake
用法
常用于地理、自然和日常描述中,强调水源的重要性;在文化语境中,可能涉及河流对社区生活的象征意义。
形式:
复数: rivers

深入解析:关键句型 "The [noun] which [clause]"

定义

这个句型是一种典型的定语从句结构,用于修饰前面的名词,提供额外信息。基本结构为:The [noun](一个定冠词加名词)+ which [clause](which引导的从句)。例如,在文章中如 "The river which forms the eastern boundary of our farm",这里 which 引导一个定语从句来描述名词 river。权威教材如《新概念英语》或《剑桥英语语法》定义这种句型为限制性定语从句,用于提供必要信息,使句子更精确和完整。它的核心含义是连接主句和从句,强调名词的具体特征。

用法

此句型常用于描述性叙述中,提供关于名词的细节,帮助句子表达更丰富。例如,在故事或说明文中,如文章中的描述农场边界,它可以用来添加背景信息。规则是:which 用于指代事物(非人),必须紧跟在被修饰的名词后,且从句中通常有主语和谓语。在语法体系中,它属于从句结构的一部分,链接到定语从句的类别,与其他关系代词如 who(用于人)或 that 相关,建立跨语法点联系。例如,它可以与主从复合句结合,帮助学生从简单句过渡到复杂句。此外,在写作中,这种句型常用于正式或叙述性语言中,如新闻或小说,增强描述的生动性。

注意事项

学生易犯的错误包括:误用 whichthat,例如在非正式语境中随意替换,导致句子含义模糊;或者忘记逗号使用规则,因为限制性定语从句不需逗号,而非限制性需逗号(如 "The book, which is red,")。另一个常见偏误是让从句 dangling(悬垂),如不正确连接主句。纠正建议:学生应练习识别被修饰的名词,并确保 which 从句紧随其后。同时,避免在口语中过度复杂化,以免影响流畅性;多读示例句子,逐步掌握语境区分。

练习

一个额外的例子:在文章灵感下,你可以说:"The house which stands on the hill offers a beautiful view." 这可以帮助学生应用句型,替换 [noun] 为其他名词,如 "The car which I bought last year is very reliable",并尝试在上下文中使用,强化对定语从句的理解和实际表达。

额外内容

背景知识:这种句型源于英语的从句系统,起源于古英语的相对结构,在现代英语中广泛用于精确描述。对比分析:与中文的定语结构不同,英语的 which 从句通常后置,而非前置,这可能让母语为中文的学生感到不适。补充信息:掌握此句型后,学生能更好地处理复杂句子,提升阅读和写作能力,尤其在描述性文章中,如旅游或历史叙述,丰富语言表达的层次感。

深入解析:关键句型 "If [clause], [result]"

定义

这个句型是一种条件句结构,用于表达假设或虚拟情况,结构为:If [clause](if引导的从句)+ [result](结果主句)。例如,文章中的 "if the important events of our lives were not related to it",这里 if 引导一个条件从句,连接到结果。权威教材如《新概念英语》定义它为条件句的虚拟形式,常用于非真实条件,强调假设情景下的后果。核心含义是探讨因果关系,特别是当条件不成立时的可能结果。

用法

此句型常用于表达假设、建议或警告的场景中,如文章中描述潜在 misfortune(不幸)。规则是:从句使用虚拟语气(如过去时 were),主句用 would + 动词原形。在语法体系中,它属于条件句的一部分,链接到虚拟语气和假设结构,与其他句型如时间状语从句相关,建立跨语法点联系。例如,它可以与未来可能事件结合,帮助学生从现实陈述过渡到假设讨论。在写作或口语中,这种句型用于故事叙述、建议或预测,如 "If I win the lottery, I would travel the world.",增强语言的表达深度。

注意事项

学生易犯的错误包括:混淆时态,如用现在时代替虚拟语气(说 "if I am rich" 而非 "if I were rich"),导致句子不真实;或遗漏 would 在主句中,使句子变成真实条件。另一个偏误是句型不平衡,例如从句太长而主句简略。纠正建议:通过记忆虚拟语气的固定模式(如 if + were + would),并练习不同情境下的句子,学生可以避免这些问题。同时,在正式写作中,确保条件句逻辑清晰,避免模棱两可的表达。

练习

一个额外的例子:基于文章,你可以说:"If the river overflows, we would have to move the animals." 这帮助学生应用句型,替换 [clause] 和 [result],如 "If I had more time, I would read more books",并在对话中练习,强化对假设句的掌握。

额外内容

背景知识:条件句起源于英语的逻辑表达,常见于文学和日常对话中。对比分析:与法语的条件句类似,英语的更注重时态一致性。补充信息:这种句型能提升学生的批判性思维,尤其在讨论假设场景时,如环境问题或个人规划,鼓励学生探索语言的预测功能。