An unknown goddess

原文

Some time ago, and interesting discovery was made by archaeologists on the Aegean island of Kea. An American team explored a temple which stands in an ancient city on the promontory of Ayia Irini. The city at one time must have been prosperous, for it enjoyed a high level of civilization. Houses -- often three storeys high -- were built of stone. They had large rooms with beautifully decorated walls. The city was equipped with a drainage system, for a great many clay pipes were found beneath the narrow streets.

The temple which the archaeologists explored was used as a place of worship from the fifteenth century B.C. until Roman times. In the most sacred room of temple, clay fragments of fifteen statues were found. Each of these represented a goddess and had, at one time, been painted. The body of one statue was found among remains dating from the fifteenth century B.C. It's missing head happened to be among remains of the fifth century B.C. This head must have been found in Classical times and carefully preserved. It was very old and precious even then. When the archaeologists reconstructed the fragments, they were amazed to find that the goddess turned out to be a very modern-looking woman. She stood three feet high and her hands rested on her hips. She was wearing a full-length skirt which swept the ground. Despite her great age, she was very graceful indeed, but, so far, the archaeologists have been unable to discover her identity.

译文

不久之前,考古学家在爱琴海的基亚岛上作出了一个有趣的发现。一个美国探险队在阿伊亚·艾里尼海角的一个古城里考察了一座寺庙。这个城市一度必定很繁荣,因为它享有高度的文明。房屋——常常有三层楼高——是用石头建成的。它们有宽大的房间,墙上装饰得很漂亮。这个城市装备有排水系统,因为在狭窄的街道下面发现了许多陶土管道。

这座寺庙从公元前15世纪直到罗马时代一直被用作礼拜场所。在寺庙的最神圣的房间里,发现了15尊雕像的陶土碎片。每尊雕像都代表一位女神,而且曾经被漆成彩色的。其中一尊雕像的身体是在公元前15世纪的遗迹中发现的。它丢失的头部碰巧是在公元前5世纪的遗迹中找到的。这个头部一定是在古典时代被发现并小心保存起来的。它即使在那时也很古老而珍贵。当考古学家们重组成碎片时,他们惊奇地发现那位女神原来是一位非常现代化的妇女。她身高三英尺,手放在臀部。她穿着一件拖地长裙。尽管她年代久远,但她确实非常优雅,然而,到目前为止,考古学家们还未能发现她的身份。

词汇表

discovery

名词
英:/dɪˈskʌvəri/
美:/dɪˈskʌvəri/
定义
1. 发现 - The act of finding something for the first time or learning about something new.

例子: The discovery of ancient ruins changed our understanding of history.

例子: Her discovery of the lost artifact was a major breakthrough in archaeology.

2. 新发现的事物 - Something that is found or learned about, often unexpectedly.

例子: The discovery included ancient statues that amazed the researchers.

例子: Scientific discoveries often lead to new technologies.

近义词
finding: 更侧重于发现的过程,常用于正式或科学语境,而 'discovery' 强调结果和重要性。
invention: 强调创造新事物,而 'discovery' 则指揭示已存在但未知的事物,二者虽相关但 'invention' 更具原创性。
revelation: 更强调突然的揭示或启示,常带有情感或神秘色彩,而 'discovery' 更中性且基于调查。
反义词:
concealment, ignorance, loss
用法
常用于科学、历史或探险语境中,描述新发现的事物或过程,例如 'archaeological discovery'(考古发现),在正式写作中常见。
形式:
复数: discoveries, 动词形式: discover (verb)

深入解析:关键句型 "must have + past participle"

定义

这个句型用于表达对过去情况的强烈推测,结构为 must have 后跟 过去分词,表示根据证据推断某事很可能已经发生。根据权威教材如《新概念英语》或《剑桥英语语法》,它表示一种基于逻辑或证据的推测,核心含义是“一定已经……”或“很可能已经……”。例如,在文章中,“The city at one time must have been prosperous” 就使用了这个句型,强调对历史事实的推理。

用法

此句型常用于描述过去事件时,根据现有线索进行推测的场景,如历史叙述、侦探故事或日常对话中回顾过去。在语法体系中,它属于情态动词 must 的推测用法,与其他情态动词如 could havemight have 相关联,建立跨语法点联系。例如,它可以与条件句结合,如 "If there were signs of wealth, the city must have been prosperous." 这有助于学生从简单过去时过渡到更复杂的推测表达。规则包括:must have 后必须接过去分词,且常用于肯定推测;它在正式或书面语中更常见,与证据支持的陈述相关。

注意事项

学生易犯的错误包括将 must havemust 混淆,导致时态错误,如说 "The city must be prosperous" 来描述过去事件;另一个常见偏误是过度使用这个句型,使语言显得武断,而忽略更温和的表达如 might have。纠正建议:总是检查语境,确保是基于证据的推测;练习区分 must have(强推测)和 could have(可能推测)。此外,避免在否定句中直接使用,如正确形式是 "can't have" 而非 "mustn't have"。

练习

一个额外的例子:在文章灵感下,你可以说:“The statue must have been painted beautifully, for its fragments show colorful traces.” 通过这个例子,学生可以尝试替换过去分词,如用 "broken" 或 "lost",并在上下文中应用这个句型来练习推测过去事件。

额外内容

背景知识:这个句型源于英语情态动词的演变,强调逻辑推理。对比分析:与中文的“一定已经”类似,但英语更注重证据;在美式英语中,它常用于非正式推测,而英式英语可能更精确。补充信息:掌握此句型后,学生能更好地处理历史或叙述性文本,提升阅读和写作的深度。

深入解析:关键句型 "which + clause"

定义

这个句型是一种定语从句结构,用于修饰前面的名词,which 引导一个非限制性或限制性从句,提供额外信息。根据权威教材如《新概念英语》,它的结构是 which 后跟一个完整的从句,含义是用来描述或补充主句中的名词。例如,文章中的 "a temple which stands in an ancient city" 使用了这个句型,将从句附加到 "temple" 上。

用法

此句型常用于描述事物、提供细节或连接句子,在叙述性文章中很常见。规则包括:which 用于指代事物(非人),从句后必须有动词,且它可以是限制性(essential to meaning)或非限制性(额外信息,用逗号隔开)。在语法体系中,它链接到从句结构,与其他关系代词如 thatwho 相关,建立跨语法点联系,如与主从复合句结合。场景示例:在正式写作或描述中,如 "The city, which was prosperous, had many features."

注意事项

学生易犯的错误包括误用 which 而用 that,导致语义模糊;或忘记逗号在非限制性从句中的使用,如说 "The temple which stands without comma"。另一个偏误是让从句过长,影响可读性。纠正建议:练习识别名词的类型(whether it's a thing),并用逗号测试非限制性从句;避免在口语中过度复杂化,以免听众困惑。

练习

一个额外的例子:基于文章,你可以说:“The archaeologists found fragments which dated back to ancient times.” 学生可以尝试修改句子,如换成 "The statue, which was very old, impressed everyone.",以练习在不同上下文中应用这个句型。

额外内容

背景知识:定语从句起源于英语的复杂句结构,帮助丰富描述。对比分析:英语的 which 与法语的 "qui/que" 类似,但英语更严格地区分人/物;补充信息:学习此句型能提升文章连贯性,尤其在学术写作中。