An unknown goddess

原文

Some time ago, and interesting discovery was made by archaeologists on the Aegean island of Kea. An American team explored a temple which stands in an ancient city on the promontory of Ayia Irini. The city at one time must have been prosperous, for it enjoyed a high level of civilization. Houses -- often three storeys high -- were built of stone. They had large rooms with beautifully decorated walls. The city was equipped with a drainage system, for a great many clay pipes were found beneath the narrow streets.

The temple which the archaeologists explored was used as a place of worship from the fifteenth century B.C. until Roman times. In the most sacred room of temple, clay fragments of fifteen statues were found. Each of these represented a goddess and had, at one time, been painted. The body of one statue was found among remains dating from the fifteenth century B.C. It's missing head happened to be among remains of the fifth century B.C. This head must have been found in Classical times and carefully preserved. It was very old and precious even then. When the archaeologists reconstructed the fragments, they were amazed to find that the goddess turned out to be a very modern-looking woman. She stood three feet high and her hands rested on her hips. She was wearing a full-length skirt which swept the ground. Despite her great age, she was very graceful indeed, but, so far, the archaeologists have been unable to discover her identity.

译文

不久之前，考古学家在爱琴海的基亚岛上作出了一个有趣的发现。一个美国探险队在阿伊亚·艾里尼海角的一个古城里考察了一座寺庙。这个城市一度必定很繁荣，因为它享有高度的文明。房屋——常常有三层楼高——是用石头建成的。它们有宽大的房间，墙上装饰得很漂亮。这个城市装备有排水系统，因为在狭窄的街道下面发现了许多陶土管道。

这座寺庙从公元前15世纪直到罗马时代一直被用作礼拜场所。在寺庙的最神圣的房间里，发现了15尊雕像的陶土碎片。每尊雕像都代表一位女神，而且曾经被漆成彩色的。其中一尊雕像的身体是在公元前15世纪的遗迹中发现的。它丢失的头部碰巧是在公元前5世纪的遗迹中找到的。这个头部一定是在古典时代被发现并小心保存起来的。它即使在那时也很古老而珍贵。当考古学家们重组成碎片时，他们惊奇地发现那位女神原来是一位非常现代化的妇女。她身高三英尺，手放在臀部。她穿着一件拖地长裙。尽管她年代久远，但她确实非常优雅，然而，到目前为止，考古学家们还未能发现她的身份。

词汇表

discovery

名词

英:/dɪˈskʌvəri/

美:/dɪˈskʌvəri/

定义

1. 发现 - The act of finding something for the first time or learning about something new.

例子: The discovery of ancient ruins changed our understanding of history.

例子: Her discovery of the lost artifact was a major breakthrough in archaeology.

2. 新发现的事物 - Something that is found or learned about, often unexpectedly.

例子: The discovery included ancient statues that amazed the researchers.

例子: Scientific discoveries often lead to new technologies.

近义词

finding: 更侧重于发现的过程，常用于正式或科学语境，而 'discovery' 强调结果和重要性。

invention: 强调创造新事物，而 'discovery' 则指揭示已存在但未知的事物，二者虽相关但 'invention' 更具原创性。

revelation: 更强调突然的揭示或启示，常带有情感或神秘色彩，而 'discovery' 更中性且基于调查。

反义词:

concealment, ignorance, loss

用法

常用于科学、历史或探险语境中，描述新发现的事物或过程，例如 'archaeological discovery'（考古发现），在正式写作中常见。

形式:

复数: discoveries, 动词形式: discover (verb)

关键句型 "must have + past participle"

定义

此句型用于表达对过去情况的强烈推测或推断，结构为：must have（必须有）+ 过去分词（past participle）。例如，在文章中，“The city must have been prosperous” 表示根据证据推测城市过去很繁荣。根据《剑桥英语语法》教材，这种句型是情态动词 must 的完成形式，用于表示高度肯定的过去可能性。

它帮助学习者表达基于事实的推理，常见于叙述历史或事件时。

用法

此句型主要用于描述过去事件时，对其原因或结果进行逻辑推测，常出现在故事、报告或历史描述中。规则：主语 + must have + 过去分词，强调推测的确定性。

在语法体系中，它属于情态动词的范畴，与其他情态动词如 may have 或 could have 相关。横向比较：与 may have + past participle（表示可能的推测）相比，must have 语气更肯定，更适合证据充分的情况；与 should have（表示本该发生但未发生）相比，must have 焦点在推测而非遗憾。

跨语法联系：它与虚拟语气或条件句相关，例如在假设过去时使用。学生可以将其与简单过去时比较，如 "The city was prosperous"（陈述事实）与 "The city must have been prosperous"（基于证据的推测），帮助建立更全面的时态体系。

注意事项

学生常犯的错误包括：误用 must have 表示当前推测（如 "He must have a car now"，应为 "He must have a car"）；或将它与 have to have 混淆，后者表示必要性。纠正建议：记住 must have + past participle 专用于过去推测，并练习语境区分。

另一个常见偏误是忽略情态动词的语气，导致句子过于绝对。提供例句：

错误示例：The archaeologists must find the head.（这是对现在的命令，不是推测）
正确示例：The head must have been found in Classical times.（基于证据的过去推测）

练习

原创例子：假设你在讨论历史事件，可以说：“The ancient city must have been very advanced, as they had a drainage system.” 学生可以替换关键词，如将 "advanced" 换成 "wealthy"，或调整情境为现代，例如：“My friend must have forgotten his keys, because the door is locked.”

通过这种替换，学生能将句型应用到日常生活中，加深对推测的理解。

额外内容

背景知识：这种句型源于英语中情态动词的演变，历史可追溯到中古英语，用于增强语言的逻辑性和说服力。对比分析：与中文的 "一定已经..." 类似，但英语结构更正式；在法语中，类似表达如 "doit avoir + past participle"，但英语版本更简洁易学。

学习此句型能帮助学生在阅读历史文章时更好地理解作者的意图，并为更复杂的推理表达打下基础。