Planning a share portfolio

原文

There is no shortage of tipsters around offering 'get-rich-quick' opportunities. But if you are a serious private investor, leave the Las Vegas mentality to those with money to fritter. The serious investor needs a proper 'portfolio' -- a well-planned selection of investments, with a definite structure and a clear aim. But exactly how does a newcomer to the stock market go about achieving that?

Well, if you go to five reputable stock brokers and ask them what you should do with your money, you're likely to get five different answers, -- even if you give all the relevant information about your age age, family, finances and what you want from your investments. Moral? There is no one 'right' way to structure a portfolio. However, there are undoubtedly some wrong ways, and you can be sure that none of our five advisers would have suggested sinking all (or perhaps any) of your money into Periwigs*. So what should you do? We'll assume that you have sorted out the basics -- like mortgages, pensions, insurance and access to sufficient cash reserves. You should then establish your own individual aims. These are partly a matter of personal circumstances, partly a matter of psychology. For instance, if you are older you have less time to recover from any major losses, and you may well wish to boost your pension income. So preserving your capital and generating extra income are your main priorities. In this case, you'd probably construct a portfolio with some shares (but not high risk ones), along with gilts, cash deposits, and perhaps convertibles or the income shares of split capital investment trusts.

If you are younger, and in a solid financial position, you may decide to take an aggressive approach -- but only if you're blessed with a sanguine disposition and won't suffer sleepless nights over share prices. If portfolio, alongside your more pedestrian in vestments. Once you have decided on your investment aims, you can then decide where to put your money. The golden rule here is spread your risk -- if you put all of your money into Periwigs International, you're setting yourself up as a hostage to fortune.

*'Periwigs' is the name of a fictitious company. --INVESTOR'S CHRONICLE, March 23 1990 --

译文

到处都有提供“快速致富”机会的内幕消息提供者。但是,如果你是一位严肃的私人投资者,就把拉斯维加斯式的赌博心态留给那些有钱可挥霍的人吧。严肃的投资者需要一个适当的“投资组合”——一个计划周详的投资选择,具有明确的结构和清晰的目标。可是,新手如何着手实现这一点呢?

嗯,如果你去咨询五位信誉良好的股票经纪人,问他们该如何处理你的钱,你很可能得到五种不同的答案,-- 即使你提供了关于你的年龄、家庭、财务状况以及你对投资期望的所有相关信息。教训呢?构建投资组合没有一种“正确”的方式。然而,肯定有一些错误的方式,你可以肯定,我们的五位顾问中没有一人会建议你把全部(或任何部分)钱投入Periwigs*。那么,你该怎么办呢?我们假设你已经处理好了基本事项——比如抵押贷款、养老金、保险以及获得足够的现金储备。然后,你应该确立自己的个人目标。这些部分取决于个人情况,部分取决于心理因素。

例如,如果你年事已高,你就没有多少时间来弥补重大损失,而且你很可能希望增加养老金收入。因此,保全本金和产生额外收入是你主要的优先事项。在这种情况下,你可能会构建一个投资组合,包括一些股票(但不是高风险的),以及金边债券*、现金存款,也许还有可转换债券**或分割资本投资信托的收入份额***。

如果你年轻,而且财务状况稳固,你可能决定采取积极进取的策略——但前提是你有乐观的性格,不会为股价而失眠。在你的投资组合中,伴随你那些更稳健的投资****。一旦你决定了投资目标,你就可以决定把钱投向何处。这里的黄金法则就是分散风险——如果你把所有钱都投入Periwigs International,你就是在自找麻烦。

*'Periwigs' is the name of a fictitious company. --INVESTOR'S CHRONICLE, March 23 1990 --

*注:金边债券(gilts)指英国政府发行的债券,安全性较高。

**注:可转换债券(convertibles)是一种可转换为股票的债券。

***注:分割资本投资信托(split capital investment trusts)是一种投资基金,分为不同份额,通常包括收入份额和增长份额。

****注:此处“in vestments”疑为“investments”的打字错误,已按上下文理解为“investments”。

词汇表

shortage

名词
英:/ˈʃɔːtɪdʒ/
美:/ˈʃɔːrtɪdʒ/
定义
1. 短缺 - A situation in which there is not enough of something that is needed.

例子: There is a shortage of skilled workers in the tech industry.

例子: The water shortage in the region has affected agriculture.

2. 不足 - A deficiency or lack in supply.

例子: The company is facing a shortage of raw materials due to global disruptions.

例子: A labor shortage has delayed the project's completion.

近义词
scarcity: 强调资源稀缺,通常用于经济或自然资源语境中,而 'shortage' 更侧重于实际需求不足。
deficit: 常用于财务或预算语境,暗示数量上的赤字,而 'shortage' 更广泛,适用于任何资源。
lack: 更通用,强调完全没有或不足,但不如 'shortage' 精确地表示供应问题。
反义词:
abundance, surplus, plenty
用法
常用于描述资源、商品或服务的供应不足,常见于经济、金融或日常语境中,如 'shortage of time'(时间短缺)。它通常是非正式的,但也适用于正式报告。
形式:
复数: shortages

关键句型 "If [condition], [result]."

定义

此句型是条件句的常见形式,用于表达一种条件与结果之间的关系。结构为:If(如果)+ [condition](条件从句)+ , + [result](结果主句)。根据《剑桥英语语法》教材,这种句型通常涉及条件从句和主句,其中条件从句常用一般现在时或一般过去时,而主句根据语境变化。举例来说,在文章中如 "If you are a serious private investor, leave the Las Vegas mentality...",它清晰地定义了条件(你是认真的投资者)和结果(把赌博心态留给别人)。

这个句型是英语中表达假设、建议或因果关系的基石,适合初学者用于日常对话和写作。

用法

此句型广泛用于描述真实或假设的情景,例如给出建议、预测未来或讨论可能性。在语法体系中,它属于条件句类型,主要包括第一条件句(真实可能)和第二条件句(假设可能)。规则:条件从句常用一般现在时(e.g., If it rains, ...),主句则用一般将来时或祈使句;如果是假设情况,可能用一般过去时(e.g., If I were you, ...)。

横向比较:与时间状语从句(如 "When [condition], [result]")相比,If 句型更强调条件性,而非时间顺序;与结果状语从句(如 "So that [result]")不同,它焦点在因果逻辑上。与其他语法点的联系:它常与情态动词结合,如 "If you go, you should...",这能帮助学生链接到情态动词的学习,建立更全面的语法网络。例如,在文章中 "If you are older, you have less time..." 展示了第一条件句的实际应用,而 "none of our five advisers would have suggested..." 则引入了虚拟语气,突出条件句的灵活性。

总之,此句型在表达决策时非常实用,能与其他句型如祈使句或情态句无缝结合。

注意事项

学生常犯的错误包括:混淆时态,例如在条件从句中使用将来时(如 "If it will rain",应为 "If it rains");或在主句中遗漏助动词,导致句子不完整(如 "If you study hard, pass the exam" 应为 "If you study hard, you will pass the exam")。纠正建议:记住 "If + 一般现在时 + 主句" 的基本模式,并练习不同情境下的时态变化。另一个常见偏误是忽略逗号分隔从句和主句,特别是在书面语中,这会影响可读性。

具体例句:

错误示例:If you invest all your money, you rich quick.
正确示例:If you invest all your money, you might get rich quick, but it's risky.

通过这些例子,学生可以学会避免草率表达,并注重逻辑连贯。

练习

一个原创例子:假设你在讨论投资策略,可以说 "If you save money regularly, you'll build a strong portfolio over time." 学生可以替换 [condition] 和 [result],如改为 "If you diversify your investments, you'll reduce risks." 这可以应用到实际场景中,比如在财务规划会议上。

鼓励学生创建自己的句子,例如用个人经历:"If I start investing now, I'll have more options in the future." 这种替换练习能帮助他们加深对句型的掌握,并应用于日常生活决策中。

额外内容

背景知识:条件句在英语中起源于古英语的假设表达,文化上反映了英语国家注重逻辑和因果分析的思维方式。对比分析:与中文的 "如果...就..." 类似,但英语更严格地要求时态一致,例如第二条件句用 "were" 表示虚拟(如 "If I were rich..."),而中文则依赖语境。这可以帮助学生理解英语的精确性。与法语的 "Si [condition], [result]" 相比,英语版本更简单,不需动词变位,适合初学者快速上手。学习此句型还能扩展到更高级的用法,如混合条件句,丰富学生的表达能力。