Nothing to sell and nothing to buy

原文

It has been said that everyone lives by selling something. In the light of this statement, teachers live by selling knowledge, philosophers by selling wisdom and priests by selling spiritual comfort. Though it may be possible to measure the value of material good in terms of money, it is extremely difficult to estimate the true value of the services which people perform for us. There are times when we would willingly give everything we possess to save our lives, yet we might grudge paying a surgeon a high fee for offering us precisely this service. The conditions of society are such that skills have to be paid for in the same way that goods are paid for at a shop. Everyone has something to sell.

Tramps seem to be the only exception to this general rule. Beggars almost sell themselves as human being to arouse the pity of passers-by. But real tramps are not beggars. They have nothing to sell and require nothing from others. In seeking independence, they do not sacrifice their human dignity. A tramp may ask you for money, but he will never ask you to feel sorry for him. He has deliberately chosen to lead the life he leads and is fully aware of the consequences. He may never be sure where the next meal is coming from, but his is free from the thousands of anxieties which afflict other people. His few material possessions make it possible for him to move from place to place with ease. By having to sleep in the open, he gets far closer to the world of nature than most of us ever do. He may hunt, beg, or stead occasionally to keep himself alive; he may even, in times of real need, do a little work; but he will never sacrifice his freedom. We often speak of my even, in times of real need, do a little work; but he will never sacrifice his freedom. We often speak of tramps with contempt and put them in the same class as beggars, but how many of us can honestly say that we have not felt a little envious of their simple way of life and their freedom from care?

译文

人们常说,每个人都靠出卖某种东西为生。根据这一说法,教师靠出卖知识,哲学家靠出卖智慧,牧师靠出卖精神安慰。虽然可以用金钱来衡量物质货物的价值,但要估量人们为我们提供的服务的真正价值,却极其困难。有时,我们情愿付出我们所拥有的一切来挽救生命,却又不愿支付高额费用给外科医生,尽管他正是为我们提供了这项服务。社会条件使然,技能必须像商店里的货物一样付钱购买。每一个人都有某种东西可出卖。

流浪汉似乎是这条普遍规律的唯一例外。乞丐几乎是在出卖自己的人格,以唤起路人的怜悯。但真正的流浪汉不是乞丐。他们没有东西可卖,也不需要从别人那里得到什么。在追求独立的过程中,他们并没有牺牲自己的人格尊严。流浪汉可能会向你讨钱,但他决不会要求你同情他。他是故意选择过这种生活的,并且完全清楚后果。他也许永远不知道下一顿饭从何而来,但他却摆脱了折磨其他人的成千上万的焦虑。他的少数几件物质 possessions 使他能够轻松地从一个地方移到另一个地方。由于不得不露天而睡,他比我们大多数人更接近自然界。他偶尔可能会捕猎、乞讨或偷窃来维持生计;甚至在真正需要时,他可能会做点工作;但他决不会牺牲自己的自由。我们常常带着轻蔑谈论流浪汉,并把他们与乞丐归为一类,但我们当中又有多少人能诚实地承认,自己不曾对他们那简单的生活方式和无忧无虑的自由略生羡慕之情?

词汇表

selling

verb (present participle of sell), 名词
英:/ˈselɪŋ/
美:/ˈsɛlɪŋ/
定义
1. 出售 - The act of exchanging goods or services for money or other value.

例子: He makes a living by selling handmade crafts at the market.

例子: Selling online has become a popular way to reach customers.

2. 推销或提供 - In a metaphorical sense, offering or providing something intangible for benefit.

例子: Teachers are selling knowledge to their students every day.

例子: Politicians often sell ideas to gain public support.

近义词
marketing: 强调推广和销售策略,通常用于商业语境,而 'selling' 更直接关注交易过程。
peddling: 常用于小规模或街头销售,带有负面或非正式 connotation,比 'selling' 更具临时性。
hawking: 类似于 'peddling',常指大声叫卖或街头兜售,语气更生动且非正式。
反义词:
buying, purchasing, acquiring
用法
常用于商业或比喻语境中,如 'selling products' 或 'selling ideas',可搭配介词如 'by selling' 表示谋生方式;在正式场合使用时需注意语境,避免负面含义。
形式:
复数: sellings (less common), 过去式: sold, 现在分词: selling

关键句型 "It has been said that..."

定义

这个句型是一种常见的引述表达,用于引用他人观点或普遍说法。结构为:It has been said that + 从句,表示“据说”或“人们常说”。根据《剑桥英语语法》教材,这种句型属于被动语态的引述形式,常用于正式或学术语境中,避免直接指定说话者,从而使陈述更客观和通用。例如,在文章中,“It has been said that everyone lives by selling something” 就引用了一个广为人知的观点。

它帮助学习者以间接方式表达信息,避免主观性。

用法

此句型主要用于引述谚语、名言或社会共识,常见于文章开头或讨论中。规则:It has been said that 后跟一个主语从句,通常是陈述句。语法体系中,它属于报告语气的表达,与直接引述(如 "He said that...")相比,更强调普遍性。

横向比较:与 "People say that..." 类似,但 It has been said that 更正式和 impersonal(非人称),适合学术写作;与 "It is said that..." 相比,后者更常见于一般事实,而这个句型强调过去或持续的说法。跨语法联系:它涉及被动语态(has been said),可以与现在完成时结合,学生可联系其他被动结构(如 "It is believed that...")进行学习,突出其在表达意见时的中立作用。

在实际应用中,这个句型常用于作文或演讲,帮助构建论点。

注意事项

学生容易犯的错误包括:误用时态,例如用 "It is said that" 代替,导致语气不精确;或直接翻译成中文的 "有人说" 而忽略正式性,造成表达过于随意。纠正建议:练习时注意保持被动语态的结构,并结合上下文确保客观性。具体例句:

错误示例:People have said that everyone sells something.  (这更直接,可能显得主观)
正确示例:It has been said that everyone lives by selling something.  (更正式,强调普遍观点)

另一个常见问题是用错从句类型,如用疑问从句代替陈述从句。学生应记住,从句必须是陈述形式。

练习

一个原创例子:在讨论现代生活时,你可以说:"It has been said that social media connects people, but it often isolates them instead." 这贴近实际场景,帮助学生理解科技的影响。学生可以替换关键词,例如将 "social media connects people" 改为 "remote work benefits everyone",变成 "It has been said that remote work benefits everyone, but it has its challenges." 通过这种替换,学生能在日常对话或写作中灵活应用,增强对句型的掌握。

这种练习不仅加深记忆,还鼓励学生思考并扩展到个人经历。

额外内容

背景知识:这个句型源于英语中正式写作的传统,常见于17世纪以来的文学和哲学文本中,体现了英语表达的间接性和礼貌。对比分析:与中文的 "据说..." 类似,但英语版本更强调被动结构,而法语中类似表达如 "Il est dit que..." 也使用非人称形式。了解这种句型能帮助学生在跨文化交流中更精确地引用信息,同时为学习更复杂的报告语(如间接引语)奠定基础。

关键句型 "In the light of this statement..."

定义

这个句型用于基于先前信息进行讨论或扩展,意思是“根据这个声明”或“鉴于这个说法”。结构为:In the light of + 名词短语(如 "this statement")+ 后续从句或句子。它是一种过渡性表达,帮助连接上下文,使论点更连贯。根据《牛津现代英语语法》,这属于介词短语引导的状语,强调依据某个事实或观点来展开讨论,例如文章中的 "In the light of this statement, teachers live by selling knowledge"。

它在写作中起到引导作用,使文章逻辑清晰。

用法

此句型常用于正式文章、演讲或学术讨论中,表示对先前陈述的回应或应用。规则:In the light of 后跟一个名词或名词短语,然后连接主句。语法体系中,它属于状语结构,与其他连接词(如 "because of" 或 "due to")相关,但更侧重于启发性而非因果。

横向比较:与 "According to this" 相比,In the light of 更正式且暗示更深入的分析;与 "Based on" 类似,但后者更直接用于数据或证据,而这个句型适合抽象观点。跨语法联系:它可以与从句结合(如 "In the light of what we know"),学生可联系其他状语从句(如 "although" 或 "while")学习,帮助建立文章的逻辑框架。

在实际场景中,这个句型常用于辩论或报告中。

注意事项

学生常犯错误是误用介词短语,例如用 "In the light of this, teachers..." 而忽略完整性,导致句子不完整;或将其与 "in light of"(更非正式的变体)混淆。纠正建议:始终确保后跟一个清晰的名词短语,并练习在上下文中使用,以避免句子断裂。具体例句:

错误示例:In the light of, we should change our plans.  (缺少名词短语,句子不完整)
正确示例:In the light of this new evidence, we should change our plans.  (完整表达)

另一个问题是过度使用,导致文章重复;学生应学习多样化表达。

练习

一个原创例子:在谈论环境问题时,你可以说:"In the light of recent climate reports, we must adopt greener lifestyles." 这贴近现实,帮助学生反思全球议题。学生可以替换关键词,如将 "recent climate reports" 改为 "the latest economic data",变成 "In the light of the latest economic data, businesses need to adapt." 通过这种替换练习,学生能在学校报告或日常讨论中应用句型,培养批判性思维。

这不仅强化句型,还鼓励学生连接新信息与既有知识。

额外内容

背景知识:这个句型起源于19世纪英语文学,源自比喻“光线照亮事物”的概念,象征启发和理解。对比分析:与西班牙语的 "A la luz de esto..." 类似,都强调基于证据的推理,但在英语中更常见于正式写作。学习此句型能丰富学生的表达工具,同时对比其他语言的类似结构(如中文的 "鉴于..."),帮助他们欣赏英语的精确性和逻辑性。