A Puma at large

原文

Pumas are large, cat-like animals which are found in America. When reports came into London Zoo that a wild puma had been spotted forty-five miles south of London, they were not taken seriously.

However, as the evidence began to accumulate, experts from the Zoo felt obliged to investigate, for the descriptions given by people who claimed to have seen the puma were extraordinarily similar.

The hunt for the puma began in a small village where a woman picking blackberries saw 'a large cat' only five yards away from her. It immediately ran away when she saw it, and experts confirmed that a puma will not attack a human being unless it is cornered.

The search proved difficult, for the puma was often observed at one place in the morning and at another place twenty miles away in the evening. Wherever it went, it left behind it a trail of dead deer and small animals like rabbits. Paw prints were seen in a number of places and puma fur was found clinging to bushes. Several people complained of "cat-like noises' at night and a businessman on a fishing trip saw the puma up a tree.

The experts were now fully convinced that the animal was a puma, but where had it come from? As no pumas had been reported missing from any zoo in the country, this one must have been in the possession of a private collector and somehow managed to escape. The hunt went on for several weeks, but the puma was not caught. It is disturbing to think that a dangerous wild animal is still at large in the quiet countryside.

译文

美洲狮是一种大型的猫科动物,生活在美洲。当伦敦动物园接到报告,说在伦敦以南45英里处发现了一只野生的美洲狮时,他们并没有认真对待。

然而,随着证据的积累,动物园的专家们觉得有必要进行调查,因为那些声称见过美洲狮的人所给的描述出奇地相似。

对美洲狮的搜寻从一个小镇开始。在那里,一个女人在采摘黑莓时,看见一只“大猫”离她只有五码远。它一看见她就立刻跑掉了,专家们证实,美洲狮除非被逼到绝路,否则是不会攻击人的。

搜寻证明困难,因为美洲狮常常在早晨被发现在一个地方,晚上却在20英里外的另一个地方发现。不管它走到哪里,都留下一串死鹿和小动物如兔子的踪迹。在许多地方都看见了爪印,美洲狮的毛粘在灌木上。几个人抱怨说夜间听到了“猫一样的叫声”,一个出差捕鱼的商人在树上看见了美洲狮。

专家们现在完全相信那动物是一只美洲狮,但它是从哪里来的呢?因为全国没有动物园报告丢失美洲狮,这只肯定是某个私人收藏家的财产,不知怎么逃了出来。搜寻持续了几个星期,但美洲狮没有被捕获。想到在宁静的乡村还有一只危险的野兽逍遥法外,真是令人不安。

词汇表

puma

名词
英:/ˈpjuːmə/
美:/ˈpuːmə/
定义
1. 美洲狮 - A large wild cat native to the Americas, known for its agility and hunting skills.

例子: The puma is often called the mountain lion in North America.

例子: Zoologists study pumas to understand their behavior in the wild.

2. 类似大型猫科动物的野生动物 - A type of animal that resembles a big cat and is part of the felidae family.

例子: A puma was spotted in the forests of South America.

例子: Pumas are solitary animals that hunt at night.

近义词
cougar: 常用于北美地区,强调其在山区栖息,与 'puma' 基本同义但更侧重地理
mountain lion: 更诗意且口语化,常用于描述其栖息环境,与 'puma' 无明显区别但更具地域特色
panther: 更通用,泛指大型黑猫,但可能指其他物种,如美洲豹,与 'puma' 在体型上相似但颜色描述不同
反义词:
domestic cat, house pet, tame animal
用法
常用于野生动物和地理学语境中,指特定物种,常见搭配如 'wild puma' 或 'puma habitat';在故事或新闻中描述神秘出现。
形式:
复数: pumas

关键句型 "unless + clause"

定义

此句型用于表达一个条件,即 "除非" 或 "除非...否则不",结构通常为:unless + 从句(主句 + unless + 从句)。例如,在文章中,"a puma will not attack a human being unless it is cornered" 意思是 "美洲狮不会攻击人类,除非它被逼到绝境"。根据《剑桥英语语法手册》,unless 引导条件状语从句,表示否定条件,相当于 "if not",但更简洁直接。它常用于描述某种情况的例外或限制,帮助句子表达逻辑上的因果关系。

这个句型在英语中属于条件句的范畴,常与一般现在时或一般将来时结合,强调真实或可能的条件。

用法

unless + clause 主要用于表示一个负面条件,只有在从句条件不满足时,主句才成立。常见场景包括警告、建议或一般事实描述,如在故事、新闻或日常对话中。例如,文章中的句子用于解释动物的行为规则。

在语法体系中,它是条件句的一部分,与 "if" 句型相关,但unless 专指 "if not",使其更简明。横向比较:与 "if not" 相比,unless 更正式和简洁,例如 "I won’t go if it rains" 可以简化为 "I won’t go unless it rains",突出例外情况。与其他条件句如 "if" 引导的真实条件句(e.g., "If you study hard, you’ll succeed")相比,unless 强调否定条件,帮助学生理解条件句的多样性。

跨语法联系:它常与情态动词或将来时结合(如 "won’t attack unless"),并可链接到假设条件句(如使用 "if" 的虚拟语气),让学生看到条件句在表达假设、真实和例外中的应用。

注意事项

学生容易犯的错误包括:将 unlessif 混淆,导致句子逻辑混乱,例如说 "Unless you study, you will fail" 却误以为它和 "If you don’t study" 完全相同,但需注意 unless 隐含否定。另一个常见偏误是时态不一致,如用过去时在从句中("unless it was cornered"),而文章中用一般现在时表示普遍真理。纠正建议:总是检查主句和从句的时态,确保从句用一般现在时表示一般事实,并练习简单句型。

提供具体例句:

错误示例:The puma will attack unless it is not cornered.  // 错误,因为 unless 已经表示否定,不需要再加 not。
正确示例:The puma will not attack unless it is cornered.  // 正确,unless 引导负面条件。

记住,unless 从句通常不用于虚拟语气,除非上下文需要。

练习

一个原创例子:假设你在野外探险,你可以说:"I won’t go into the forest unless I have a guide with me." 这贴近实际场景,强调安全条件。学生可以替换关键词,比如将 "go into the forest" 换成 "climb the mountain",或将 "have a guide" 换成 "have proper equipment",这样练习不同情境,如 "I won’t start the car unless I check the tires."

通过这种替换,学生能加深对句型的掌握,并应用到日常生活或故事中,提高表达的灵活性。

额外内容

背景知识:Unless 起源于古英语,类似于其他表示条件的连词,在现代英语中常用于法律或警告语,以突出后果。文化对比:英语中 unless 的使用强调逻辑和精确性,而在中文中,类似表达如 "除非...否则",但英语更依赖语法结构。横向比较,与法语的 "à moins que" 类似,都用于条件否定,但英语版本更简单,不需动词变位。这能帮助学生理解英语的简洁美,并扩展到其他条件句,如 "provided that" 或 "as long as",丰富语言表达。