Trouble with the Hubble

原文

The Hubble telescope was launched into space by NASA on April 20,1990 at a cost of over a billion dollars.

Right from the start there was trouble with the Hubble. The pictures it sent us were very disappointing because its main mirror was faulty!

NASA is now going to put the telescope right, so it will soon be sending up four astronauts to repair it. The shuttle Endeavour will be taking the astronauts to the Hubble.

A robot-arm from the Endeavour will grab the telescope and hold it while the astronauts make the necessary repairs.

Of course, the Hubble is above the earth's atmosphere, so it will soon be sending us the clearest pictures of the stars and distant galaxies that we have ever seen.

The Hubble will tell us a great deal about the age and size of the universe. By the time you read this, the Hubble's eagle eye will have sent us thousands and thousands of wonderful pictures.

译文

哈勃望远镜于1990年4月20日由美国国家航空航天局(NASA)发射升空,耗资超过十亿美元。

从一开始,哈勃望远镜就遇到了麻烦。它发回的图片令人大失所望,因为它的主镜有缺陷!

现在,NASA将修复这台望远镜,因此他们很快就会派遣四名宇航员前去修理。奋进号航天飞机将搭载这些宇航员前往哈勃望远镜。

奋进号上的机械臂将抓住望远镜并固定它,以便宇航员进行必要的修理。

当然,哈勃望远镜位于地球大气层之上,因此它很快就会向我们发送我们所见过的最清晰的恒星和遥远星系的图片。

哈勃望远镜将告诉我们很多关于宇宙年龄和规模的信息。等到你读到这篇文字时,哈勃的“鹰眼”已经向我们发送了成千上万张精彩的图片。

词汇表

telescope

名词, 动词
英:/ˈtelɪskəʊp/
美:/ˈteləskoʊp/
定义
1. 望远镜 - An optical instrument designed to make distant objects appear nearer and larger.

例子: Astronomers use a telescope to observe stars at night.

例子: He bought a new telescope for stargazing in the backyard.

2. 伸缩 - To make something shorter or more compact by sliding one part into another.

例子: The antenna can telescope to fit into the bag.

例子: The legs of the table telescope for easy storage.

近义词
binoculars: 通常指双筒望远镜,用于观察较近的物体,而 telescope 更适合远距离天文观察。
spyglass: 更旧式或文学化的表达,常用于历史语境或小型望远镜,不如 telescope 通用。
optical tube: 更技术化,指望远镜的管状部分,强调结构而非整体功能。
反义词:
microscope, magnifying glass, binocular reverse
用法
常用于科学和天文语境中,作名词时可与 'through a telescope' 搭配;作动词时用于描述可伸缩物体,常在非正式场合。
形式:
复数: telescopes, 过去式: telescoped, 过去分词: telescoped, 现在分词: telescoping

关键句型 "Subject + was/were + past participle by + agent"

定义

此句型是英语被动语态的常见形式,用于强调动作的承受者而非执行者。结构为:Subject(主语,通常是动作的承受者)+ was/were(be动词的过去式,根据主语人称和数调整)+ past participle(过去分词)+ by + agent(by + 执行者,可选)。例如,文章中的 "The Hubble telescope was launched into space by NASA" 展示了这一结构。根据《剑桥英语语法》教材,这种句型常用于正式描述或新闻报道中,焦点放在事件本身而非谁执行了它。

它帮助学习者表达未知或不重要的执行者,适合描述历史事件、科技发展或被动过程。

用法

此句型主要用于过去事件,强调结果或对象,而非动作的发起者。规则:在主动句基础上转换,主语变为原句的宾语,添加 by + agent 以指定执行者(如果需要)。例如,主动句 "NASA launched the telescope" 变为被动 "The telescope was launched by NASA"。

在语法体系中,它属于被动语态的一部分,与主动语态形成对比。横向比较:与主动语态(如 "NASA launched it")相比,此句型更客观,常用于科学或新闻语境;与现在被动语态(如 "is launched")相比,它专注于过去事件。跨语法联系:它常与时间状语结合(如 "on April 20, 1990"),并可扩展到其他时态,如将来被动 "will be launched"。学生可将此与条件句或相对从句联系起来,例如 "The telescope, which was launched by NASA, has issues."

此句型在描述发明、科技或历史时特别有用,帮助构建更正式的叙述。

注意事项

学生易犯的错误包括:遗漏 by + agent 导致句子不完整(如 "The telescope was launched" 可能显得模糊);或错误使用动词形式,如用现在分词代替过去分词(如 "The telescope was launching by NASA",应为 "was launched")。纠正建议:练习时先写出主动句,再转换到被动,确保动词正确。另一个常见偏误是主语与动词不一致,如用 "was" 于复数主语(如 "Telescopes was launched",应为 "were launched")。

提供具体例句:

错误示例:The pictures were send by the telescope.  // 错误:过去分词应为 "sent"
正确示例:The pictures were sent by the telescope because its mirror was faulty.

始终检查语境是否适合被动语态,避免过度使用而使句子复杂。

练习

原创例子:假设描述历史事件,你可以说:“The Great Wall was built by ancient Chinese workers over centuries.” 学生可以替换关键词,如将 "The Great Wall" 换成 "The smartphone",并说:“The smartphone was invented by engineers in the 2000s.” 这能帮助学生应用到实际场景,例如在科技报告中描述:“The Hubble telescope was repaired by astronauts last year.”

通过替换主语、过去分词或代理人,学生能加深对句型的掌握,并练习在口头或书面表达中使用它。

额外内容

背景知识:被动语态起源于古英语,强调社会或科学语境中的客观性,在英语文化中常用于正式写作,如新闻或学术论文。对比分析:与中文被动句(如 "被...")类似,但英语更依赖结构而非词汇;与法语被动语态相比,英语的 "by + agent" 更直观,便于初学者。了解此句型还能扩展到更高级用法,如 "It is said that...",丰富表达方式。