Exploring the sea-floor

原文

Our knowledge of the oceans a hundred years ago was confined to the two-dimensional shape of the sea surface and the hazards of navigation presented by the irregularities in depth of the shallow water close to the land. The open sea was deep and mysterious, and anyone who gave more than a passing thought to the bottom confines of the oceans probably assumed that the sea bad was flat. Sir James Clark Ross had obtained a sounding of over 2,400 fathoms in 1839, but it was not until of deep soundings was obtained in the Atlantic and the first samples were collected by dredging the bottom. Shortly after this the famous H. M. S. Challenger expedition established the study of the sea-floor as a subject worthy of the most qualified physicists and geologists. A burst of activity associated with the laying of submarine cables soon confirmed the challenger's observation that many parts of the ocean were two to there miles deep, and the existence of underwater features of considerable magnitude.

Today, enough soundings are available to enable a relief map of the Atlantic to be drawn and we know something of the great variety of the sea bed's topography. Since the sea covers the greater part of the earth's surface, it is quite reasonable to regard the sea floor as the basic form of the crust of the earth, with, superimposed upon, it the continents, together with the islands and other features of the oceans. The continents form rugged tablelands which stand nearly three miles above the floor of the open ocean. From the shore line, out a distance which may be anywhere from a few miles to a few hundred miles, runs the gentle slope of the continental shelf, geologically part of the continents. The real dividing line between continents and oceans occurs at the foot a steeper slope.

This continental slope usually starts at a place somewhere near the 100-fatheom mark and in the course of a few hundred miles reaches the true ocean floor at 2,500-3,500 fathoms. The slope averages about 1 in 30. but contains steep, probably vertical, cliffs, and gentle sediment-covered terraces, and near its lower reaches there is a long tailing-off which is almost certainly the result of material transported out to deep water after being eroded from the continental masses.

--T.F.GASKELL Exploring the Sea-floor from Science Survey--

译文

一百年前,我们对海洋的了解仅限于海面的二维形状,以及近岸浅水深度不规则所带来的航行危险。公海深邃而神秘,任何对海洋底部稍加思索的人都可能认为海床是平坦的。1839年,詹姆斯·克拉克·罗斯爵士测得超过2,400英寻的深度,但直到一系列深水测深数据在大西洋获得,并且首次通过拖网采集了海底样本。紧接着,著名的“挑战者号”远征确立了对海底的研究作为一门值得最优秀物理学家和地质学家投入的学科。一场与铺设海底电缆相关的活动爆发,很快证实了“挑战者号”的观察,即许多海洋区域深达两到三英里,并存在规模可观的海底地貌。

如今,已有足够的测深数据,使我们能够绘制大西洋的等高线地形图,并了解海床地貌的丰富多样。由于海洋覆盖了地球表面的大部分区域,将海底视为地球地壳的基本形态是合情合理的,在其上叠加着大陆、岛屿以及其他海洋特征。大陆形成了崎岖的台地,高出公海海床近三英里。从海岸线向外延伸一段距离——可能从几英里到几百英里——是大陆架的缓坡,从地质学角度看,它是大陆的一部分。大陆与海洋的真正分界线位于陡坡的底部。

这座大陆坡通常从大约100英寻的深度开始,并在几百英里的过程中降至真正的海洋底部,深度为2,500至3,500英寻。坡度平均约为1比30,但其中包括陡峭的、可能垂直的悬崖,以及覆盖着沉积物的平缓台地;在坡度较低的部分,还有一段漫长的渐缓尾部,这几乎肯定是由于从大陆侵蚀下来的物质被运至深水所致。

--T.F.GASKELL Exploring the Sea-floor from Science Survey--

词汇表

confined

形容词, 动词
英:/kənˈfaɪnd/
美:/kənˈfaɪnd/
定义
1. 限制的;局限的 - Limited or restricted in space, scope, or movement.

例子: Our knowledge was confined to basic facts.

例子: The animals were confined to a small cage.

2. 限制;禁闭 - To keep within limits.

例子: The rules confined their activities to the designated area.

例子: He was confined to his room due to illness.

近义词
restricted: 强调严格的限制,常用于正式语境,而 'confined' 更侧重于物理或空间上的局限。
limited: 更通用,强调数量或范围的不足,而 'confined' 暗示更强的约束感。
restrained: 常用于控制情感或行为,'confined' 则更常用于物理空间。
反义词:
unrestricted, free, expansive
用法
常用于描述空间、知识或活动的限制,常见搭配如 'confined to'(限于),在科学或历史语境中表示范围的局限。
形式:
过去式: confined, 过去分词: confined, 复数形式(作为名词): 不适用, 形容词比较级: more confined, 形容词最高级: most confined

关键句型 "was confined to [noun phrase]"

定义

此句型用于描述某事被限制在特定范围或领域,结构为:was confined to(被限制在)+ [noun phrase](名词短语)。根据《剑桥英语语法》权威资源,这个句型是过去时的被动语态表达,强调某种限制或局限性,常用于历史叙述或描述过去情况。例如,在文章中,“Our knowledge of the oceans a hundred years ago was confined to the two-dimensional shape of the sea surface...” 展示了知识被限制在二维表面的含义。

它帮助表达过去的状态,突出受限的方面,使句子更正式和精确。

用法

此句型主要用于学术、历史或描述性写作中,表示某事物被限制在某个边界内。规则:主语 + was confined to + 名词短语,通常以过去时出现。作为被动语态的变体,它在语法体系中与主动句型相对,比如主动句 “Something confined it to...” 但被动形式更常见于客观描述。

横向比较:与类似句型如 "was limited to" 相比,was confined to 更强调严格的限制,感觉更正式;与 "restricted to" 相比,它更侧重于物理或概念上的围困,而 "restricted to" 可能涉及规则或权限。与一般被动语态(如 "was done")的联系在于,都使用 be + past participle,但 was confined to 特指范围限制,帮助学生理解被动语态在描述历史事件中的应用。同时,它可以链接到条件句或从句,如在复杂句中添加原因说明。

在实际场景中,如历史文章或科学报告中常用,例如描述过去的科技水平。

注意事项

学生容易犯的错误包括:误用主动语态代替被动,导致句子不准确,如说 "It confined our knowledge to..." 而非 "was confined to...",这会改变语义;另一个常见问题是用错时态,例如用现在时 "is confined to" 在描述过去事件时。纠正建议:总是检查上下文的时态,并练习被动语态的固定搭配。提供具体例句:

错误示例:Our knowledge confined to the surface.  // 缺少 was 和 to,句子不完整。
正确示例:Our knowledge was confined to the surface of the ocean.  // 添加 was 和 to,形成完整句型。

此外,学生可能忽略名词短语的复杂性,如不正确使用定语从句修饰名词,导致句子混乱。

练习

一个原创例子:假设在讨论历史旅行时,你可以说:“Explorers' understanding was confined to coastal areas before advanced ships were invented.” 这贴近实际场景,帮助学生理解过去限制的概念。鼓励学生替换关键词,例如将 "understanding" 换成 "knowledge",或 "coastal areas" 换成 "local regions",然后构建新句如:“Their adventures were confined to nearby lands due to limited technology.”

通过这种替换,学生能将句型应用到不同主题,如个人经历或科学发现,增强实际表达能力。

额外内容

背景知识:这个句型源于英语中被动语态的演变,常用于19世纪以来的科学文献,反映了维多利亚时代对精确描述的偏好。对比分析:与中文的 "被限制在" 类似,但英语版本更结构化,需要被动语态;与法语的 "était confiné à" 相比,英语更简洁,不需性别变化。这能丰富学生的跨文化理解,提醒他们在学习英语时注意语法的逻辑性,同时扩展到其他被动句型如 "was reduced to",以深化语言技能。

关键句型 "It is quite reasonable to [verb]"

定义

此句型用于表达某事是合理的或合乎逻辑的,结构为:It is quite reasonable to(这是相当合理的)+ [verb](动词原形,通常是动词不定式)。根据《牛津现代英语语法》,它是一种形式主语句型,其中 It 为虚主语,真正主语是后面的不定式短语,常用于论证或建议。例如,文章中的 "It is quite reasonable to regard the sea floor as the basic form of the crust of the earth..." 表明这种观点的合理性。

它适合在正式讨论中表达客观意见,帮助构建说服力强的语句。

用法

此句型常用于学术写作、辩论或解释性文本中,表示某行动或想法在逻辑上是合理的。规则:It is quite reasonable to 后跟动词不定式(如 to regard、to assume),强调合理性而不带强烈情感。在语法体系中,它属于形式主语结构,与其他形式主语句型如 "It is important to..." 相关,位置在表达态度的句型中。

横向比较:与 "It is possible to..." 相比,It is quite reasonable to... 更侧重于逻辑合理性而非可能性;与 "One could argue that..." 相比,它更直接且正式。跨语法点联系:它涉及不定式作主语,与动名词句型(如 "Regarding it is reasonable")形成对比,后者不正确;还可以链接到情态动词,如 "It might be reasonable to...",突出假设的层面。通过这种比较,学生能理解句型在表达推测中的位置。

在实际应用中,如科学报告或日常讨论中,它帮助学生构建有说服力的论点。

注意事项

学生常犯的错误是遗漏 It is 部分,直接说 "Quite reasonable to...",导致句子不完整;或 misuse 动词形式,如用动词的过去式而非不定式(例如 "It is quite reasonable to regarded")。纠正建议:练习完整句型,并注意不定式的使用。提供例句:

错误示例:It is quite reasonable regard the idea as true.  // 缺少 to,导致语法错误。
正确示例:It is quite reasonable to regard the idea as true.  // 添加 to,形成正确不定式。

另一个问题是过度使用,导致语言生硬;建议结合上下文调整语气。

练习

原创例子:在讨论环境问题时,你可以说:“It is quite reasonable to protect the oceans from pollution.” 这贴近现实,帮助学生应用到环保主题。鼓励学生替换动词,例如将 "protect" 换成 "conserve" 或 "study",创建新句如:“It is quite reasonable to study the effects of climate change.”

通过替换和情景模拟,学生能加深对句型的掌握,并在辩论或写作中自然使用。

额外内容

背景知识:这个句型反映了英语中理性表达的传统,尤其在启蒙运动后科学写作中流行。对比分析:与西班牙语的 "Es razonable que..." 类似,但英语使用不定式更简洁;与中文的 "很合理地..." 相比,英语强调形式主语的结构化。这可以帮助学生欣赏英语的逻辑美,并扩展到相关句型如 "It is essential to...",增强他们在学术英语中的自信。