AI学习新概念英语

In the public interest

原文

The Scandinavian countries are much admired all over the world for their enlightened social policies. Sweden has evolved an excellent system for protecting the individual citizen from highhanded or incompetent public officers. The system has worked so well, that it has been adopted in other countries too.

The Swedes were the first to recognize that public official like civil servants, police officers, health inspectors or tax-collectors can make mistakes or act over-zealously in the belief that they are serving the public. As long ago as 1809, the Swedish Parliament introduced a scheme to safeguard the interest of the individual. A parliamentary committee representing all political parties appoints a person who is suitably qualified to investigate private grievances against the State. The official title of the person is 'Justiteombudsman', but the Swedes commonly refer to him as the 'J.O.' or 'Ombudsman'. The Ombudsman is not subject to political pressure. He investigates complaints large and small that come to him from all levels of society. As complaints must be made in writing, the Ombudsman receives an average of 1,200 letters a year. He has eight lawyer assistants to help him and examines every single letter in detail. There is nothing secretive about the Ombudsman's work for his correspondence is open to public inspection. If a citizen's complaint is justified, the Ombudsman will act on his behalf. The action he takes varies according to the nature of the complaint. He may gently reprimand an official or even suggest to parliament that a law the altered. The following case is a typical example of the Ombudsman's work.

A foreigner living in a Swedish village wrote to the Ombudsman complaining that he had been ill-treated by the police, simply because he was a foreigner. The Ombudsman immediately wrote to the Chief of Police in the district asking him to send a record of the case. There was nothing in the record to show that the foreigner's complaint was justified and the Chief of Police strongly denied the accusation. It was impossible for the Ombudsman to take action, but when he received a similar complaint from another foreigner in the same village, he immediately sent one of his layers to investigate the matter. The lawyer ascertained that a policeman had indeed dealt roughly with foreigners on several occasions. The fact that the policeman was prejudiced against foreigners could not be recorded in the official files. It was only possible for the Ombudsman to find this out by sending one of his representatives to check the facts. The policeman in question was severely reprimanded and was informed that if any further complaints were lodged against him, he would prosecuted. The Ombudsman's prompt action at once put an end to an unpleasant practice which might have gone unnoticed.

译文

斯堪的纳维亚各国因其开明的社会政策而深受世界推崇。瑞典已经发展出一套优秀的制度，用来保护普通公民免受专横或无能的公职人员的欺凌。这个制度运作得如此之好，以至于已被其他国家所采用。

瑞典人首先认识到，公职人员如公务员、警察、卫生检查员或税务员可能会犯错，或者由于认为自己是在为公众服务而过分热心。早在1809年，瑞典议会就推行了一项计划，以保护个人的利益。一个代表各政党的议会委员会任命一位合格的人来调查针对国家的私人申诉。此人的正式头衔是“司法监察官”，但瑞典人通常称他为“J.O.”或“监察官”。监察官不受政治压力的影响。他调查来自社会各个阶层的各种大小的投诉。由于投诉必须以书面形式提出，监察官每年平均收到1,200封信。他有八位律师助理帮助他，并仔细检查每一封信。他的工作毫无隐秘可言，因为他的信件公开供公众查阅。如果一个公民的投诉有理，监察官会代表他采取行动。他采取的行动视投诉的性质而定。他可能温和地责备一位官员，甚至建议议会修改某项法律。以下是一个典型例子，展示了监察官的工作。

一位居住在瑞典乡村的外国人写信给监察官，投诉说他受到了警察的虐待，仅仅因为他是个外国人。监察官立即写信给该地区的警察局长，要求他寄来该案的记录。记录中没有任何东西表明外国人的投诉有理，警察局长强烈否认了这一指控。监察官无法采取行动，但当他从同一个村庄的另一个外国人那里收到类似的投诉时，他立即派出一位律师去调查此事。律师确认，一名警察确实曾多次粗暴对待外国人。这个警察对外国人的偏见无法记录在官方文件中。只有通过派代表去核实事实，监察官才能发现这一点。涉事的警察受到了严厉的训斥，并被告知，如果再有投诉针对他，他将被起诉。监察官的迅速行动立即制止了这一可能被忽略的不愉快做法。

词汇表

enlightened

形容词
英:/ɪnˈlaɪtənd/
美:/ɪnˈlaɪtənd/
定义
1. 开明的；有见识的 - Having or showing a rational, modern, and well-informed outlook, especially in social or political matters.

例子: The enlightened policies of the government helped reduce inequality.

例子: She is known for her enlightened approach to education.

近义词
progressive: 强调向前发展的改革性质，常用于政治或社会变革，而 'enlightened' 更侧重于智慧和见识。
informed: 聚焦于基于知识的决定，'enlightened' 则更包括道德和理性层面。
educated: 特指通过正式学习获得知识，'enlightened' 更广泛，包含自我觉醒或开明观点。
反义词:
ignorant, unenlightened, narrow-minded
用法
常用于描述社会政策或个人观点，强调理性与进步，常在正式语境中出现，如政治讨论；文化背景中，源自启蒙运动，暗示摆脱传统偏见。
形式:
其他形式: enlighten (动词原形)，enlightening (形容词或动词现在分词)

深入解析：关键句型 "so ... that ..."

定义

这个句型用于表达一种因果关系，其中 so 后跟形容词或副词及其修饰语，that 引导结果从句。它的结构是：so + 形容词/副词 + that + 从句，表示某事物的程度导致了某种结果。例如，在权威教材如《新概念英语》中，这个句型被定义为强调原因和结果的连接方式，用来描述一种强烈的程度影响。核心含义是通过对比或强调来突出效果，比如 "The system has worked so well that it has been adopted in other countries too."，意思是系统运作得如此好，以至于被其他国家采纳。

用法

此句型常用于描述结果明显的场景，如文章中表达社会政策的成功。它在语法体系中属于状语从句的一部分，具体是结果状语从句，强调因果逻辑。使用规则包括：so 必须与形容词或副词（如 well、quickly）结合，that 后跟一个完整的从句，通常用一般现在时或一般过去时。它的位置在英语中常用于叙述性或说明性文本中，与其他状语从句（如 because 或 although）形成对比，帮助学生理解句子间的逻辑连接。例如，它链接到其他语法点如比较级结构，因为 so 常与比较级形容词一起使用，如 "so good that"。在实际应用中，这个句型适合口语和写作，用于强调积极或消极的结果，比如在描述成就时说 "He studied so hard that he passed the exam."

注意事项

学生易犯的错误包括误用 so ... that ... 与 such ... that ... 的区别，例如将 "so well" 错误地替换为 "such well"，因为 such 用于名词前（如 such a system that）。另一个常见偏误是遗漏 that，直接说 "so well it has been adopted"，这会使句子不完整。纠正建议：记住 so 后跟形容词/副词，而 such 后跟名词；通过练习完整句子，确保 that 从句独立存在。另外，避免在非正式场合过度使用，以免句子显得夸张；学生应注意语境，确保结果从句的时态与主句一致。

练习

一个额外的例子：在文章语境中，你可以说："The Ombudsman works so efficiently that he handles over 1,200 complaints a year." 这个例子帮助学生练习替换形容词，如用 "quickly" 或 "effectively"，并构建自己的句子。例如，学生可以改编为 "She practiced so much that she became an expert."，以此应用到日常对话中。

额外内容

背景知识：这个句型起源于古英语的强调结构，在现代英语中广泛用于文学和新闻报道中。对比分析：与中文的 "如此...以至于..." 类似，但英语版本更简洁。补充信息：掌握此句型后，学生可以扩展到更复杂的表达，如 "so ... that ... even"，以增加描述的深度，比如 "The policy is so effective that even critics support it."，从而丰富语言表达力。

深入解析：关键句型 "If + clause, main clause"

定义

这个句型是条件句的典型形式，用于表达一个条件和其结果，结构为：If + 从句（条件部分），后跟 主句（结果部分）。在权威教材如《新概念英语》中，它被定义为第一类条件句，表示真实或可能的条件，通常用一般现在时表示条件，从句后跟一般将来时或祈使句。例如，文章中的 "If a citizen's complaint is justified, the Ombudsman will act on his behalf." 意思是如果投诉合理，监察官就会采取行动。

用法

此句型常用于假设真实情况的场景，如决策、建议或预测中。它在语法体系中属于条件从句的一部分，强调因果关系，并链接到其他语法点如情态动词（用于表示可能性）。使用规则：If 从句常用一般现在时，而主句常用 will + 动词，表示未来结果；在口语中，它可以用于警告、建议或一般真理，如 "If you study hard, you will succeed."。跨语法点联系：它与时间状语从句（如 when）相似，但更侧重条件，与并列句或复合句结合时，能构建更复杂的叙述，例如文章中与其他描述句结合，展示事件流程。

注意事项

学生易犯的错误包括时态混淆，如在 If 从句中使用将来时（如 "If it will rain"），这在英语中是错误的；应使用一般现在时。另一个偏误是主句不正确使用情态动词，导致句子不自然，如说 "If he comes, I act" 而非 "I will act"。纠正建议：通过记忆标准模式（如 If + present, future）并练习简单句子，避免这些问题；此外，注意在否定句中的使用，如 "If you don't study, you won't pass"，并确保逗号正确放置，以免句子阅读困难。

练习

一个额外的例子：基于文章，学生可以说："If the policeman is reported again, he will be prosecuted." 这帮助学生理解如何应用这个句型到真实情境中。他们可以尝试替换词汇，如 "If the complaint is serious, the Ombudsman will investigate."，以强化在写作和口语中的使用。

额外内容

背景知识：条件句源于英语的逻辑表达，英语中有多种类型（如第一类、第二类），这个句型是最基础的。对比分析：与法语的条件句类似，但英语更直接。补充信息：学习此句型后，学生可扩展到虚拟条件句，如 "If I were you..."，从而提升语言的表达灵活性。