A successful operation

原文

The mummy of an Egyptian woman who died in 800 B.C. has just had an operation. The mummy is that of Shepenmut who was once a singer in the Temple of Thebes. As there were strange marks on the X-ray plates taken of the mummy, doctors have been trying to find out whether the woman died of a rare disease. The only way to do this was to operate. The operation, which lasted for over four hours, proved to be very difficult because of the hard resin which covered the skin. The doctors removed a section of the mummy and sent it to a laboratory. They also found something which the X-ray plates did not show: a small wax figure of the god Duamutef. This god which has the head of a cow was normally placed inside a mummy. The doctors have not yet decided how the woman died. They feared that the mummy would fall to pieces when they cut it open, but fortunately this has not happened. The mummy successfully survived the operation.

译文

一个埃及妇女的木乃伊最近接受了手术。这位妇女名叫Shepenmut,她曾是底比斯神庙的歌手。由于X光片上出现奇怪的标记,医生们一直在试图查明她是否死于一种罕见疾病。唯一的方法就是进行手术。这次手术持续了四个多小时,因为覆盖皮肤的硬树脂使手术异常困难。医生们取下木乃伊的一部分送往实验室。他们还发现X光片没有显示的东西:一个杜阿木特夫神的微型蜡像(此神有牛头,通常被置于木乃伊内部)。医生们尚未确定这位妇女是如何死亡的。他们担心切开木乃伊时它会碎裂,但幸运的是,这并没有发生。木乃伊成功地经受了手术。

词汇表

mummy

名词
英:/ˈmʌmi/
美:/ˈmʌmi/
定义
1. 木乃伊 - The preserved body of a human or animal, typically from ancient times, often through embalming.

例子: The museum displayed an ancient Egyptian mummy from 1000 B.C.

例子: Archaeologists discovered a well-preserved mummy in the tomb.

2. 妈妈(非正式称呼) - Informal term for mother, especially in British English.

例子: The child called out, 'Mummy, come and see!'

例子: In the UK, 'mummy' is a common word for mom.

近义词
embalmed body: 更具体,指经过防腐处理的尸体,强调科学或历史过程,而 'mummy' 更通俗。
cadaver: 更正式,用于任何保存的尸体,常在医学或法医语境中,不限于古物。
relic: 泛指历史遗物或圣物,'mummy' 则特指保存的尸体。
反义词:
skeleton, ashes, fresh body
用法
常用于考古或历史语境中描述古埃及防腐尸体;在非正式场合,如英国英语中,指代母亲。语境限制为历史或家庭讨论,避免在正式医学语境中混用。
形式:
复数: mummies, 形容词形式: mummified

关键句型 "Relative Clauses (相对从句)"

定义

相对从句是一种用来修饰名词的从句结构,通常由关系代词如 whowhichthat 引导,用于提供额外信息,使句子更连贯和完整。根据《剑桥英语语法》权威教材,相对从句的结构包括主句 + 关系代词 + 从句,例如 "The mummy is that of Shepenmut who was once a singer." 这里,who 引导的从句修饰 Shepenmut。相对从句分为限制性(essential to the meaning)和非限制性(additional information),前者不加逗号,后者加逗号。

这种句型帮助句子避免重复,增强描述性,适合初学者在叙述中添加细节。

用法

相对从句用于连接句子,提供关于名词的更多描述,常出现在描述人、物或事物的上下文中。规则:关系代词根据先行词选择(who 用于人,which 用于物,that 可通用),并放在从句开头。从句的位置通常紧跟先行词。

在语法体系中,相对从句属于复杂句结构,与简单句和并列句形成对比。横向比较:与并列句(如 "Shepenmut was a singer. She was in the Temple of Thebes.")相比,相对从句更简洁,避免了重复主语;与定语从句类似,但相对从句更广泛,可用于各种场景。与形容词短语(如 "the singer in the Temple")比较,相对从句能表达更复杂的信息,如时间或条件。

跨语法联系:它与名词从句或状语从句相关,学生可扩展到学习其他从句类型,如时间从句,帮助构建更高级的句子。

注意事项

学生常犯的错误包括:误用关系代词,例如用 which 修饰人(如 "the woman which died",应为 "who died");或遗漏逗号导致非限制性从句变成限制性,改变句子含义。纠正建议:练习时注意先行词的类型,并使用逗号区分非限制性从句。具体例句:

错误示例:The operation which lasted four hours proved difficult. (如果意为唯一的一次,应加逗号:The operation, which lasted four hours, proved difficult.)
正确示例:The doctors, who performed the operation, found a figure.

另一个常见偏误是句子过长导致混淆,建议先写主句再添加从句。

练习

原创例子:基于文章,学生可以说:“The god Duamutef, who has the head of a cow, was placed inside the mummy.” 他们可以替换关键词,如将 "who has the head of a cow" 改为 "which was made of wax",并应用到实际场景,例如描述历史文物:“The ancient artifact, which was discovered last year, is now in a museum.”

这种替换练习能让学生在日常叙述中灵活使用相对从句,增强表达的生动性。

额外内容

背景知识:相对从句起源于古英语的复杂句法演变,在现代英语中广泛用于正式写作和口语。文化对比:与中文类似,相对从句相当于定语(如 "那个曾经是歌手的女人"),但英语更依赖关系代词,而中文用词汇顺序。历史背景:在莎士比亚时代,相对从句已很常见,帮助文学作品丰富描述。对比分析:与法语的相对从句类似,英语版本更简单,无需性别或数一致,适合初学者快速掌握。这不仅提升句子复杂度,还能帮助学生在阅读历史文章时更好地理解上下文。